Table 5.
Characteristics of Patients With Complementary and Alternative Medication (CAM) -Induced DILI vs DILI From Prescription Medications.
| CAM | Prescription drugs | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Gender (Females) (%) | 38.7 | 50.3 | 0.004 |
| Admitted (%) | 69.4 | 67.8 | 0.73 |
| Jaundice (%) | 87.7 | 64.3 | 0.001 |
| Skin rashes (%) | 16.7 | 20 | 0.324 |
| Encephalopathy (%) | 8.4 | 10.3 | 0.433 |
| Ascites (%) | 21.8 | 15.5 | 0.034 |
| Died (%) | 13.6 | 12 | 0.569 |
| Age (years) | 41.7 ± 14.8 | 42.9 ± 16.8 | 0.31 |
| Duration of treatment (days) IQR | 21 (6–62) | 27 (12–60) | 0.95 |
| Weight (kg) | 61.7 ± 11.3 | 54.6 ± 13.7 | 0.001 |
| BMI | 23.4 ± 4.2 | 21.9 ± 4.5 | 0.028 |
| Serum total protein (g/dl) | 7.3 ± 5.9 | 6.4 ± 1.1 | 0.069 |
| Serum albumin (g/dl) | 3.3 ± 0.7 | 3.1 ± 0.7 | 0.004 |
| Total bilirubin mg/dl) | 15.6 ± 12 | 7.1 ± 9.1 | 0.001 |
| Direct bilirubin (mg/dl) | 10.3 ± 8.8 | 4.8 ± 5.7 | 0.001 |
| AST IU/L IQR |
235 (133–445) | 215 (118–435) | 0.347 |
| ALT IU/L QIR |
224 (85–562) | 242 (115–513) | 0.439 |
| ALP IU/L IQR |
171 (128–255) | 181 (122–292) | 0.945 |
| GGT IU/L IQR |
80 (42–162) | 139 (167–320) | 0.001 |
| Serum creatinine (mg/dl) | 1.2 ± 1.3 | 1 ± 0.7 | 0.050 |
| INR | 1.6 ± 0.6 | 1.7 ± 1.6 | 0.032 |
| Hemoglobin (g/dl) | 11 ± 2.2 | 11.2 ± 2.1 | 0.470 |
| WBC (10/L) IQR |
9200 (7250–11800) | 5800 (6190–11400) | 0.018 |
| Platelets (105/L) | 2.1 ± 0.9 | 2.4 ± 1.2 | 0.001 |
| MELD | 21.8 ± 7.2 | 18.2 ± 9 | 0.001 |
Abbreviations: ATD: anti-tuberculosis drugs, AST: aspartate aminotransferase, ALT: alanine aminotransferase, ALP: alkaline phosphatase, BMI: Body Mass Index, CAM: Complimentary alternative medicine GGT: gamma glutamyl transferase, INR: International normalized ratio, IQR: inter quartile range, MELD: Model for end stage liver disease, WBC: white blood cells.