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. 2021 May 7;26:17. doi: 10.1186/s11658-021-00254-z

Fig. 2.

Fig. 2

The relationship between apoptosis and MAFLD. Excessive FFAs and other compounds causes oxidative stress, ER stress and other causes of mitochondrial dysfunction, resulting in the release of ROS and cytochrome c with subsequent apoptosis. ER stress may cause lipoapoptosis through caspase 7/12 and other mechanisms, eventually leading to the development of MAFLD. MiRNAs can regulate apoptosis through different mechanisms. Intestinal barrier dysfunction causes LPS to activate lipoapoptosis