Table 2.

MAFLD-related programmed cell death markers and targets

Name	Contents	Refs.
Cytokeratin-18	It alone is not enough as a valuable biomarker, but it may have clinical significance when combined with other non-invasive methods of invasion, such as with serum adiponectin, serum resistin, uric acid (NCT01068444)	[18, 164, 165]
Fas/TNF-α	Inhibitor of death receptor-associated protein, including pentoxifylline, YLGA(Try-Leu-Gly-Ala) peptides	[35, 166]
Caspase enzymes	Inhibitor of apoptosis-related caspase enzymes, including VX-166, GS-9450 (NCT00740610), PF-03491390 (NCT02077374), and emricasan (NCT02686762, NCT02077374)	[34, 156, 157, 167]
R-3032	A ctsb inhibitor	[168]
Aramchol	Aramchol inhibits the liver enzyme stearoyl coenzyme A desaturase (SCD)	[25]
Selonsertib	ASK1 inhibitor	[169]
The farnesoid X-activated receptor (FXR)	Its agonist (NCT01265498) can improve serum transaminase levels in patients with MAFLD	[170]
Thioredoxin (TRX)	Oxidative stress can lead to a variety of PCD. TRX is induced by oxidative stress. Compared with healthy controls, the level of TRX rises significantly, but whether it can be used as a biomarker still needs further research	[171]
XIAP	XIAP antisense oligonucleotide (AEG35156) increases progression-free survival and overall survival	[172]
RIPK1/3	Although RIPK1/3 currently has inhibitors (GSKʹ840, GSKʹ843, GSKʹ872), according to different preclinical studies, it seems that directly targeting RIPK1/3 is not a better treatment for MAFLD, and further studies are needed	[173]
MLKL	Theoretically, the MLKL inhibitor (necrosulfonamide) may improve MAFLD, but evidence from well-designed clinical studies is still needed	[173]
NLRP3 inflammasome	Inhibiting the activation of the MAFLD inflammasome is an innovative treatment method, including an inhibitor of the NALP3 inflammasome (glyburide), a caspase 1 inhibitor (Pralnacasan), and an IL-1β antibody (canakinumab) or endogenous IL-1β inhibitor (anakinra)	[174]