Table 2.
Cohort baseline characteristics according to ECG findings
| ECG | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline characteristic | Total, n (%) | Normal, n (%) | Abnormal, n (%) | P-value |
| N = 1830 | n = 915 | n = 915 | ||
| Age (years), mean ± SD | 52.0 ± 8.1 | 50.3 ± 7.8 | 53.7 ± 7.9 | < 0.001 |
| Sex | 0.092 | |||
| Male | 936 (51.1) | 450 (49.2) | 486 (53.1) | |
| Female | 894 (48.9) | 465 (50.8) | 429 (46.9) | |
| Origin | 0.334 | |||
| Middle East | 474 (25.9) | 241 (26.3) | 233 (25.5) | |
| North Africa | 336 (25.9) | 161 (17.6) | 175 (19.1) | |
| Yemen | 401 (21.9) | 189 (26.3) | 212 (23.2) | |
| Europe-America | 619 (33.8) | 324 (35.4) | 295 (32.2) | |
| Smoking status a | 0.939 | |||
| Ever smoked | 728 (39.8) | 365 (39.9) | 363 (39.7) | |
| Never-Smoker | 1101 (60.2) | 550 (60.1) | 551 (60.3) | |
| Glycemic state | < 0.001 | |||
| Normoglycemia | 741 (40.5) | 422 (46.1) | 319 (34.9) | |
| Prediabetes | 871 (47.6) | 406 (44.4) | 465 (50.0) | |
| Diabetes | 218 (11.9) | 87 (9.5) | 131 (14.3) | |
| Blood Pressure (mmHg), mean ± SD | ||||
| Systolic | 132.5 ± 26.5 | 128.5 ± 23.1 | 136.6 ± 28.9 | < 0.001 |
| Diastolic | 84.0 ± 14.9 | 82.6 ± 13.6 | 85.4 ± 16.0 | < 0.001 |
| BMI () b, median [IQR] | 25.5 [5.1] | 25.3 [4.7] | 25.7 [5.2] | 0.011 |
| Normal | 807 (44.1) | 431 (47.1) | 376 (41.1) | 0.007 |
| Overweight | 738 (40.3) | 362 (39.6) | 376 (41.1) | |
| Obese | 285 (15.6) | 122 (13.3) | 163 (17.8) | |
| Fasting glucose (mg/dl) | 105.5 ± 29.8 | 103.6 ± 28.6 | 107.4 ± 30.9 | < 0.001 |
| Q1-3 | 1348 (73.7) | 711 (77.7) | 637 (69.6) | < 0.001 |
| Q4 | 482 (26.3) | 204 (22.3) | 278 (30.4) | |
| Fasting insulin (mU/L) | 15.9 ± 11.9 | 15.9 ± 11.9 | 16.8 ± 11.8 | 0.014 |
| Q1-3 | 697 (76.2) | 697 (76.2) | 668 (73) | 0.12 |
| Q4 | 465 (25.4) | 218 (23.8) | 247 (27) | |
| Total cholesterol c (mg/dl), mean ± SD | 221.1 ± 54.4 | 217.9 ± 53.9 | 224.30 ± 54.9 | 0.012 |
| Normal | 595 (32.5) | 320 (35.0) | 275 (30.1) | 0.058 |
| Borderline-high | 573 (31.3) | 269 (29.4) | 304 (33.2) | |
| High | 662 (36.2) | 326 (35.6) | 336 (36.7) | |
| Triglycerides (mg/dl), median [IQR] | 110 [75] | 110 [75] | 115 [75] | 0.02 |
| MISI, median [IQR] | 3.5 [2.6] | 3.7 [2.3] | 23.2 [2.2] | < 0.001 |
| Ln MISI, mean ± SD | 1. 2 ± 0.5 | 1.3 ± 0.5 | 1.2 ± 0.6 | < 0.001 |
| Q1 | 267 (25) | 116 (21.2) | 151 (28.8) | 0.004 |
| Q2-4 | 803 (75) | 430 (78.8) | 373 (71.2) | |
| HOMA-IR,Median [IQR] | 3.4 [2.4] | 3.2 [2.3] | 3.6 [2.7] | 0.001 |
| Ln HOMA-IR, mean ± SD | 1.3 ± 0.6 | 1.2 ± 0.6 | 1.3 ± 0.7 | 0.004 |
| Q1-3 | 1373 (75) | 718 (78.5) | 655 (71.6) | 0.001 |
| Q4 | 457 (25) | 197 (21.5) | 260 (28.4) | |
| HOMA-%B, Median [IQR] | 134.7 [100.2] | 135.2 [97.1] | 134.1 [104.9] | 0.24 |
| Ln HOMA-%B, mean ± SD | 4.9 ± 0.6 | 4.9 ± 0.7 | 4.88 ± 0.6 | 0.44 |
| Q1 | 456 (25) | 211 (23.1) | 245 (26.9) | 0.06 |
| Q2-4 | 1370 (75) | 703 (76.9) | 667 (73.1) | |
| QUICKI, mean ± SD | 0.319 ± 0.03 | 0.321 ± 0.03 | 0.318 ± 0.03 | 0.011 |
| Q1 | 457 (25) | 197 (21.5) | 260 (28.4) | 0.001 |
| Q2-4 | 1373 (75) | 718 (78.5) | 655 (71.6) | |
| MCAi, mean ± SD | 3.9 ± 0.96 | 3.9 ± 0.95 | 3.8 ± 0.97 | 0.007 |
| Q1 | 448 (25) | 208 (23.1) | 240 (26.9) | 0.06 |
| Q2-4 | 1347 (75) | 694 (76.9) | 653 (73.1) | |
HOMA-IR Homeostatic model assessment -Insulin resistance, HOMA-%B Homeostatic model assessment—percent beta cell function; MISI, Matsuda Insulin Sensitivity Index, QUICKI Quantitative Insulin Sensitivity Check Index, MCAi Mcauley index
aSmoking status classification: Smoker-currently or past smoker. Nonsmoker-never smoked; bBMI categories: Normal < 25 kg/m2, Overweight, 25–29.9 kg/m2, Obese- BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2; cTotal cholesterol classification: Normal < 200 mg/dl, Borderline-high, 200–239 mg/dl, High ≥ 240 mg/dl