Table 2.
Hazard ratios (95% confidence intervals) of CVDs according to snus use in the entire study population of Swedish adults, 2009–2017
| Snus use | ||
|---|---|---|
| Outcome and model (total number) | Nonusers | Users |
| Myocardial infarction (N = 38,844) | ||
| Total number of cases | 1610 | 97 |
| Age and sex-adjusted model | 1.00 (reference) | 1.01 (0.82–1.25) |
| Multivariable model 1† | 1.00 (reference) | 0.95 (0.77–1.18) |
| Multivariable model 2†† | 1.00 (reference) | 0.96 (0.78–1.19) |
| Heart failure (N = 40,326) | ||
| Total number of cases | 1990 | 96 |
| Age and sex-adjusted model | 1.00 (reference) | 1.15 (0.94–1.42) |
| Multivariable model 1† | 1.00 (reference) | 0.99 (0.80–1.23) |
| Multivariable model 2 †† | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (0.81–1.23) |
| Atrial fibrillation (N = 38,044) | ||
| Total number of cases | 3991 | 234 |
| Age and sex-adjusted model | 1.00 (reference) | 1.18 (1.03–1.35) |
| Multivariable model 1† | 1.00 (reference) | 1.11 (0.97–1.27) |
| Multivariable model 2†† | 1.00 (reference) | 1.11 (0.97–1.28) |
| Aortic valve stenosis (N = 40,873) | ||
| Total number of cases | 421 | 19 |
| Age and sex-adjusted model | 1.00 (reference) | 0.86 (0.54–1.37) |
| Multivariable model 1† | 1.00 (reference) | 0.82 (0.51–1.32) |
| Multivariable model 2†† | 1.00 (reference) | 0.83 (0.52–1.33) |
| Abdominal aortic aneurysm (N = 40,853) | ||
| Total number of cases | 480 | 55 |
| Age and sex-adjusted model | 1.00 (reference) | 1.37 (1.03–1.81) |
| Multivariable model 1† | 1.00 (reference) | 1.06 (0.79–1.40) |
| Multivariable model 2†† | 1.00 (reference) | 1.07 (0.80–1.42) |
| Total stroke* (N = 39,399) | ||
| Total number of cases | 2071 | 105 |
| Age and sex-adjusted model | 1.00 (reference) | 1.09 (0.89–1.34) |
| Multivariable model 1† | 1.00 (reference) | 1.04 (0.85–1.27) |
| Multivariable model 2 †† | 1.00 (reference) | 1.04 (0.85–1.27) |
| Total ischemic stroke (N = 39,399) | ||
| Total number of cases | 1726 | 88 |
| Age and sex-adjusted model | 1.00 (reference) | 1.12 (0.90–1.39) |
| Multivariable model 1† | 1.00 (reference) | 1.05 (0.84–1.31) |
| Multivariable model 2†† | 1.00 (reference) | 1.05 (0.84–1.32) |
| Total hemorrhagic stroke (N = 39,399) | ||
| Total number of cases | 317 | 20 |
| Age and sex-adjusted model | 1.00 (reference) | 1.21 (0.76–1.93) |
| Multivariable model 1† | 1.00 (reference) | 1.16 (0.73–1.86) |
| Multivariable model 2 †† | 1.00 (reference) | 1.15 (0.72–1.85) |
| CVD mortality (N = 34,355) | ||
| Total number of deaths | 1333 | 58 |
| Age and sex-adjusted model | 1.00 (reference) | 1.17 (0.89–1.53) |
| Multivariable model 1† | 1.00 (reference) | 1.03 (0.78–1.35) |
| Multivariable model 2†† | 1.00 (reference) | 1.02 (0.78–1.35) |
CI confidence interval, HR hazard ratio. Participants with a diagnosis of the corresponding CVD before the start of a follow-up were excluded from the disease-specific analysis. In the analysis of overall CVD mortality, those who were diagnosed with CVD before the start of a follow-up were also excluded
*Includes ischemic stroke, intracerebral hemorrhage, subarachnoid hemorrhage, and undefined type of stroke
†The Cox proportional hazards regression model was adjusted for age (underlying time scale), sex (as a stratification variable), education, cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption, walking/bicycling, and exercise
††The Cox proportional hazards regression model was further adjusted for potential intermediates: body mass index (categorical), and history of hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, and diabetes