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. 2021 May 7;19:111. doi: 10.1186/s12916-021-01979-6

Table 3.

Hazard ratios (95% confidence intervals) of CVDs according to snus use in Swedish adults who reported never smoking cigarettes regularly, 2009–2017

Snus use
Outcome and model (total number) Nonusers Users
Myocardial infarction (N = 20,501)
 Total number of cases 852 21
 Age and sex-adjusted model 1.00 (reference) 1.35 (0.87–2.10)
 Multivariable model 1 1.00 (reference) 1.36 (0.87–2.11)
Heart failure (N = 21,130)
 Total number of cases 1066 14
 Age and sex-adjusted model 1.00 (reference) 1.04 (0.61–1.78)
 Multivariable model 1 1.00 (reference) 0.92 (0.54–1.57)
Atrial fibrillation (N = 19,852)
 Total number of cases 2193 43
 Age and sex-adjusted model 1.00 (reference) 1.33 (0.98–1.81)
 Multivariable model 1 1.00 (reference) 1.29 (0.95–1.75)
Total stroke* (N = 20,620)
 Total number of cases 1160 24
 Age and sex-adjusted model 1.00 (reference) 1.57 (1.04–2.37)
 Multivariable model 1 1.00 (reference) 1.53 (1.02–2.32)
Total ischemic stroke (N = 20,620)
 Total number of cases 957 21
 Age and sex-adjusted model 1.00 (reference) 1.69 (1.09–2.63)
 Multivariable model 1 1.00 (reference) 1.65 (1.06–2.57)
CVD mortality (N = 18,189)
 Total number of deaths 780 15
 Age and sex-adjusted model 1.00 (reference) 1.70 (1.01–2.87)
 Multivariable model 1 1.00 (reference) 1.58 (0.94–2.67)

CI confidence interval, HR hazard ratio. Participants with a diagnosis of the corresponding CVD before the start of a follow-up, were excluded from the disease-specific analysis. In the analysis of overall CVD mortality, those who were diagnosed with CVD before the start of a follow-up were also excluded

*Includes ischemic stroke, intracerebral hemorrhage, subarachnoid hemorrhage, and undefined type of stroke

The Cox proportional hazards regression model was adjusted for age (underlying time scale), sex (as a stratification variable), education, alcohol consumption, walking/bicycling, and exercise