Table 2. Biomarkers for heart failure.

Biomarker	Use	Key points	Areas of uncertainty
NPs	Diagnosis Prognosis Guiding therapy	NT-proBNP persistently >1000 pg/mL identifies potential high-risk patients Repeat monitoring could identify high risk	How to further lower NT-proBNP and risk Interventions for high-risk patients Use in acute heart failure?
hs-cTn	Prognosis	hs-cTnT >18 ng/L increased risk	What interventions to lower risk? Frequency of assessment
sST2/IL-1b	Prognosis	sST2 >28–35 ng/mL increased risk Serial monitoring to identify J- versus U-shape IL-1b may modify risk	What interventions to reduce risk? Larger studies with IL-1b
bio-ADM	Prognosis Guiding therapy	Correlates with congestion severity Identify risk for death and HF hospitalization	Serial monitoring? Can it guide therapy? Prospective studies needed

bio-ADM, bioactive adrenomedullin; HF, heart failure; hs-cTn, high-sensitivity cardiac troponin; IL, interleukin; NP, natriuretic peptide; sST2, soluble suppression of tumorogensis 2.