Table 5.
Multilevel survival analysis by hazard ratio at the national, state, and district levels for deaths among patients with COVID-19 in India.
| Independent variable | Level, hazard ratio (SE) | ||||||
|
|
National | Statea | Districtb | ||||
| Sex | |||||||
|
|
Female | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||
|
|
Male | 1.27 (0.13)c | 1.32 (0.13)c | 1.21 (0.13) | |||
| Age group (years) | |||||||
|
|
0-4 | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||
|
|
5-9 years | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.00 (0.00) | |||
|
|
10-14 | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.00 (0.00) | |||
|
|
15-19 | 0.71 (0.62) | 0.86 (0.75) | 0.49 (0.45) | |||
|
|
20-24 | 0.80 (0.63) | 0.84 (0.66) | 0.68 (0.54) | |||
|
|
25-29 | 0.81 (0.63) | 0.91 (0.71) | 0.71 (0.56) | |||
|
|
30-34 | 1.26 (0.96) | 1.53 (1.16) | 1.22 (0.93) | |||
|
|
35-39 | 1.22 (0.94) | 1.37 (1.05) | 1.13 (0.87) | |||
|
|
40-44 | 3.36 (2.47) | 4.00 (2.94) | 3.37 (2.49) | |||
|
|
45-49 | 5.20 (3.78)c | 6.22 (4.52)c | 4.89 (3.56)c | |||
|
|
50-54 | 8.53 (6.16)d | 10.70 (7.73)d | 7.77 (5.63)c | |||
|
|
55-59 | 13.99 (10.06)d | 14.76 (10.62)d | 11.49 (8.29)d | |||
|
|
60-64 | 20.52 (14.74)c | 18.40 (13.23)c | 14.19 (10.24)c | |||
|
|
≥65 | 39.30 (27.94)c | 32.28 (23.00)c | 23.55 (16.84)c | |||
aError variance: 2.28 (0.83).
bError variance: 6.85 (1.35).
cSignificant at a 1% level of significance.
dSignificant at a 0.1% level of significance.