Table 3.
Effects of Training (GOALS vs. BHE) on GPS Functional Performance
| Pre-training | Post-training | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| GOALS | BHE | GOALS | BHE | F (1,28) | ||||||||||
| M | SD | M | SD | M | SD | M | SD | Group | Partial η2 | Time | Partial η2 | Group × Time | Partial η2 | |
| GPS Overall Performance | 7.14 | 1.39 | 7.16 | 1.24 | 8.20 | 1.15 | 7.30 | 1.04 | 1.09 | 0.04 | 11.69** | 0.30 | 6.92*1 | 0.20 |
| Planning | 7.01 | 1.54 | 6.81 | 1.44 | 8.01 | 1.25 | 6.95 | 1.57 | 1.62 | 0.06 | 6.37* | 0.19 | 3.62 | 0.12 |
| Initiation | 9.86 | 0.33 | 10.0 | 0.00 | 10.0 | 0.00 | 9.92 | 0.29 | 0.22 | 0.01 | 0.22 | 0.01 | 3.53 | 0.11 |
| Self-monitoring | 6.16 | 2.06 | 6.12 | 1.72 | 7.60 | 1.56 | 6.66 | 1.54 | 0.80 | 0.03 | 7.81** | 0.22 | 1.61 | 0.05 |
| Maintenance of Attention | 7.70 | 1.63 | 7.38 | 1.47 | 8.46 | 1.53 | 7.57 | 1.45 | 1.31 | 0.05 | 4.41* | 0.14 | 1.59 | 0.05 |
| Sequencing/Switching | 6.58 | 2.28 | 7.02 | 2.26 | 7.95 | 1.87 | 7.08 | 1.61 | 0.10 | 0.00 | 5.12* | 0.16 | 4.28*1 | 0.13 |
| Divergent Thinking | 7.83 | 2.26 | 8.00 | 1.68 | 8.39 | 2.00 | 7.63 | 2.13 | 0.23 | 0.01 | 0.04 | 0.00 | 1.11 | 0.04 |
| Execution | 5.88 | 2.03 | 6.39 | 1.82 | 7.30 | 2.12 | 6.69 | 2.15 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 5.70* | 0.17 | 2.37 | 0.08 |
| Learning and Memory | 6.12 | 2.66 | 5.58 | 2.00 | 7.89 | 1.95 | 5.89 | 2.05 | 3.28 | 0.11 | 5.73* | 0.17 | 2.81 | 0.09 |
*
Significant at the p < 0.05 level.
**
Significant at the p < 0.01 level.
1
Participants in GOALS group improved significantly more from pre to post-training, compared with BHE.
GOALS, Goal-Oriented Attentional Self-Regulation; BHE, Brain-Health Education; GPS, Goal Processing Scale; M, mean; SD, standard deviation.