. 2021 Apr 23;9:643561. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.643561

Table 2.

Association between sociodemographic indicators and birth rate in Finland in 2011–2018.

Indicator	Univariate models			Final multivariable model
	RR	95% CI	P-value	RR	95% CI	P-value
Population structure
Total population size	1.06	1.02; 1.09	0.002	1.00	0.98; 1.03	0.753
Annual change in population size (%)	1.09	1.08; 1.11	<0.001	1.06	1.04; 1.08	<0.001
Females (%)	1.02	0.98; 1.06	0.284	1.01	0.99; 1.04	0.346
<15-year-olds (%)	1.30	1.27; 1.33	<0.001	1.29	1.22; 1.36	<0.001
≥65-year-olds (%)	0.78	0.76; 0.80	<0.001	0.90	0.85; 0.96	<0.001
Education and income
Low education (%)	0.87	0.84; 0.89	<0.001	0.97	0.94; 1.01	0.125
Unemployment (%)	0.94	0.91; 0.96	<0.001	0.98	0.95; 0.99	0.044
Median annual income (eur)	1.14	1.11; 1.17	<0.001	0.92	0.89; 0.96	<0.001
Location and living
Population density (per km²)	1.03	1.01; 1.06	0.008	1.01	0.99; 1.03	0.495
Individuals living in rural area (%)	0.92	0.90; 0.95	<0.001	1.01	0.99; 1.03	0.478
Individuals per household unit	1.22	1.19; 1.25	<0.001	0.94	0.90; 0.98	0.004
Overcrowded household units (%)	1.14	1.11; 1.17	<0.001	0.99	0.96; 1.02	0.488
Individuals living in municipality of birth (%)	0.93	0.90; 0.96	<0.001	1.05	1.03; 1.08	<0.001
Other indicators
Foreign language speakers (%)	1.02	0.99; 1.05	0.103	1.02	1.01; 1.04	0.019
Divorce rate	1.00	0.99; 1.01	0.570	1.00	0.99; 1.02	0.807
Car ownership rate	0.95	0.91; 0.98	0.004	1.02	0.99; 1.04	0.096
Crime rate	1.00	0.98; 1.02	0.995	1.00	0.99; 1.01	0.872

Predictors were standardized before fitting the GEE models, making results harmonized into standard deviation units. CI, Confidence interval; GEE, Generalized estimating equations; RR, Rate ratio. Bold values signifies statistical significance.