FIG 8.

Basic reproduction number (R₀) for lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) in calves when transmitted by Aedes aegypti, Culex quinquefasciatus, Culicoides nubeculosus, or Stomoxys calcitrans. For each species, R₀ was calculated for subclinical calves only (yellow), clinical calves only (green), and both combined (red). Violin plots show the posterior median (black circle), interquartile range (black vertical line), and density (shape) for R₀ based on replicated Latin hypercube sampling (100 replicates with the range for each parameter subdivided into 100 steps).