Table 3.
Distribution of ACEs and ACE groupings, rates and odds of persistent emotional, developmental and behavioral problems in children and adolescents.
| N (%)a,b | Persistent EDB problemsa | Odds ratios (95% CI)a,c,d |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unadjusted | Adjustede | Adjustede for all ACEs | |||
| Overall | 6.5 (5.9, 7.1) | ||||
| ACE 1: Sometimes or very often it has been very hard to get by on your family’s income (e.g., it was hard to cover the basics like food or housing) | 5449 (24.7) | 10.7 (9.2, 12.3) | 2.2 (1.8, 2.7) | 2.1 (1.7, 2.6) | 1.6 (1.3, 2.0) |
| ACE 3: Lived with a parent or guardian who got divorced or separated after they were born | 7638 (29.6) | 10.7 (9.3, 12.0) | 2.4 (2.0, 2.9) | 2.2 (1.8, 2.7) | 1.3 (1.1, 1.7) |
| ACE 4: Lived with a parent or guardian who died | 1014 (4.2) | 13.1 (9.7, 16.5) | 2.3 (1.7, 3.1) | 1.9 (1.4, 2.7) | 1.3 (0.9, 1.9) |
| ACE 5: Lived with a parent or guardian who served time in jail or prison in their lifetime | 1882 (9.1) | 15.0 (12.1, 17.9) | 3.0 (2.3, 3.8) | 2.7 (2.1, 3.6) | 1.4 (1.0, 1.9) |
| ACE 6: Saw or heard any parents, guardians, or any other adults in [his/her] home slap, hit, kick, punch, or beat each other up | 1490 (6.4) | 18.3 (14.4. 22.1) | 3.7 (2.8, 4.9) | 3.3 (2.5, 4.4) | 1.2 (0.8, 1.7) |
| ACE 7: Was the victim of violence or witnessed any violence in [his/her] neighborhood | 1018 (4.5) | 23.6 (17.6, 29.5) | 5.1 (3.6, 7.2) | 4.8 (3.4, 6.7) | 2.2 (1.4, 3.5) |
| ACE 8: Lived with anyone who was mentally ill or suicidal, or severely depressed for more than a couple of weeks | 2639 (8.7) | 19.2 (16.1, 22.3) | 4.2 (3.4, 5.3) | 4.0 (3.2. 5.0) | 2.2 (1.7, 2.9) |
| ACE 9: Lived with anyone who had a problem with alcohol or drugs | 2969 (10.5) | 16.6 (13.7, 19.5) | 3.5 (2.8, 4.5) | 3.4 (2.7, 4.3) | 1.4 (1.1, 1.8) |
| ACE 10: Was treated or judged unfairly because of [his/her] race or ethnic group | 1034 (4.8) | 14.2 (9.5, 18.8) | 2.5 (1.7, 3.7) | 2.6 (1.7, 3.7) | 1.3 (0.9, 1.9) |
| N (%)a,b | Persistent EDB problemsa |
Odds ratios (95% CI)a,d |
|||
| Unadjusted | Adjustede | ||||
| Dose–response relationship | |||||
| Among all nine ACEs | |||||
| REF: No ACEs | 16,572 (49.7) | 3.5 (2.9, 4.0) | — | — | |
| 1 ACE | 6777 (25.0) | 5.6 (4.6, 6.6) | 1.6 (1.3, 2.1) | 1.7 (1.3, 2.2) | |
| 2 ACEs | 3013 (12.4) | 8.8 (7.0, 10.6) | 2.7 (2.0, 3.5) | 2.8 (2.0, 3.7) | |
| 3 ACEs | 1439 (5.6) | 11.7 (9.1, 14.4) | 3.7 (2.7, 5.0) | 3.9 (2.8, 5.5) | |
| 4+ ACEs | 1649 (7.3) | 22.4 (18.3, 26.6) | 8.0 (6.0, 10.7) | 8.6 (6.2, 11.9) | |
| Comparability of ACE groups | |||||
| Among all nine ACEs | |||||
| REF: No ACEs | 16,572 (49.7) | 3.5 (2.9, 4.0) | — | — | |
| Any ACEs | 12,878 (50.3) | 9.5 (8.6, 10.5) | 2.9 (2.4, 3.6) | 2.8 (2.3, 3.5) | |
| Among all nine ACEs | |||||
| REF: No ACEs | 16,572 (49.7) | 3.5 (2.9, 4.0) | — | — | |
| 1 ACE | 6777 (25.0) | 5.6 (4.6, 6.7) | 1.6 (1.3, 2.1) | 1.7 (1.3, 2.3) | |
| 2 ACEs | 3013 (12.4) | 8.8 (7.0, 10.6) | 2.7 (2.0, 3.5) | 2.7 (2.0, 3.7) | |
| 3+ ACEs | 3088 (12.9) | 17.8 (15.2, 20.4) | 6.0 (4.7, 7.7) | 6.4 (4.8, 8.5) | |
| Among FIVE ACEs which had significant independent effects | |||||
| REF: None of these five ACEs | 17,430 (53.1) | 3.6 (3.1, 4.2) | — | — | |
| 1 ACE | 7063 (27.1) | 6.1 (5.1, 7.1) | 1.7 (1.4, 2.2) | 1.8 (1.4, 2.3) | |
| 2 ACEs | 3022 (12.0) | 10.4 (8.5, 12.4) | 3.1 (2.4, 4.0) | 3.1 (2.3, 4.1) | |
| 3 ACEs | 1935 (7.8) | 21.4 (17.6, 25.2) | 7.2 (5.5, 9.5) | 7.4 (5.4, 10.0) | |
| Among ACE 1 and ACE 3 | |||||
| REF: Neither of these ACEs | 18,935 (57.4) | 4.3 (3.7, 4.9) | — | — | |
| 1 ACE | 7943 (30.8) | 7.5 (6.5, 8.5) | 1.8 (1.5, 2.2) | 1.8 (1.4, 2.3) | |
| 2 (both) ACEs | 2572 (11.8) | 14.9 (12.2, 17.7) | 3.9 (3.0, 5.1) | 3.8 (2.8, 5.2) | |
a
Weighted.
b
Within row.
c
Referent category: Those without that particular ACE.
d
Odds ratios in bold indicate statistical significance (p < 0.05).
e
Adjusted for: Sex, race/ethnicity, maximum household education, age, household size and income as % of poverty level (Caps: Min = 50, Max = 400).