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Alternative explanations for the inverse association between nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and LRRK2-driven Parkinson’s disease (PD), which may be based on a causal, protective role of NSAIDs (a) or one in which their use is an epiphenomenon (b). Question marks and dashed lines represent uncertain modifiers, mediators, or pathways within each model. Red color represents neuroprotective, inhibitory influences on pathogenicity of LRRK2 mutations on PD.
