TABLE 2.

Perioperative medicine

Article topic	Year of publication	Type of study	Number of subjects	Primary outcome
Effect of atenolol on mortality in non-cardiac surgery90	1996	RCT, placebo	200	Mortality
Effect of metoprolol in non-cardiac surgery91	2008	RCT, placebo	9,298	Mortality
BIS monitoring to prevent awareness92	2004	RCT, placebo	2,463	Awareness
Anesthesia awareness and the BIS93	2008	RCT, placebo	1,941	Awareness
Mortality increased in patients having “triple low”94	2012	Retrospective	24,120	Mortality
“Triple-low” alerts do not reduce mortality95	2019	RCT	7,569	Mortality

Important clinical trials that were controversial and in conflict with accepted practice. Unshaded studies tended to reject the null hypothesis for the primary outcome, while shaded studies did not.

BIS = bispectral index; RCT = randomized controlled trial.