TABLE 3.

Pain management

Article topic	Year of publication	Type of study	Number of subjects	Primary outcome
Gabapentin improves postoperative pain37	2004	RCT	71	Opioid consumption
Perioperative use of gabapentin for acute pain36	2020	Meta-analysis	24,682	Pain
Liposomal bupivacaine in bunionectomy96	2011	RCT, placebo	193	Pain
Liposomal bupivacaine review97	2021	Meta-analysis	619	Pain
Pectoral I + II nerve block for breast cancer surgery98	2015	RCT	120	Pain
Pectoral nerve block I for breast cancer surgery99	2018	RCT, placebo	120	Pain
Addition of IPACK to AC block reduces pain after TKA100	2019	RCT	86	Pain with ambulation
The effect of IPACK block on pain after TKA101	2020	RCT, placebo	72	Opioid consumption
Effect of perineural dexamethasone on duration of interscalene nerve block102	2011	RCT	218	Block duration
Perineural versus IV dexamethasone for peripheral nerve blocks103	2017	Meta-analysis	1,076	Block duration

Important clinical trials that were controversial and in conflict with accepted practice. Unshaded studies tended to reject the null hypothesis for the primary outcome, while shaded studies did not.

AC = adductor canal; IPACK = Infiltration between the popliteal artery and the capsule of the posterior knee; IV = intravenous; RCT = randomized controlled trial; TKA = total knee arthroplasty.