Table 3.
Participants Characteristics with or without Diabetes
| Variables | Crude OR (95% CI); P value | Adjusted OR† (95% CI); P value | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| T2DM | P | Prediabetes | P | T2DM | P | Prediabetes | P | |
| Age (Year) | ||||||||
| < 65 | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | ||||
| 65–80 | 2.06 (1.96–2.17) | < 0.001 | 1.28 (1.16–1.42) | < 0.001 | 1.88 (1.78–1.99) | < 0.001 | 1.26 (1.01–1.57) | 0.044 |
| ≥ 80 | 2.37 (2.17–2.59) | < 0.001 | 1.00 (0.81–1.24) | 0.990 | 2.16 (1.96–2.37) | < 0.001 | 1.38(1.24–1.54) | < 0.001 |
| Gender | ||||||||
| Male | 1.23 (1.17–1.29) | < 0.001 | 1.14 (1.03–1.26) | 0.010 | 1.06 (0.99–1.13) | 0.074 | 0.97 (0.85–1.10) | 0.594 |
| Female | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | ||||
| BMI | ||||||||
| < 23 | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | ||||
| 23–27.5 | 1.24 (1.18–1.31) | < 0.001 | 1.40 (1.25–1.57) | < 0.001 | 1.59 (1.47–1.72) | < 0.001 | 1.55 (1.33–1.81) | < 0.001 |
| ≥ 27.5 | 1.53 (1.42–1.65) | < 0.001 | 1.55 (1.33–1.81) | < 0.001 | 1.28 (1.21–1.36) | < 0.001 | 1.40 (1.25–1.57) | < 0.001 |
| Waist circumference | ||||||||
| Normal | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | ||||
| Abdominal obesity | 1.69 (1.60–1.77) | < 0.001 | 1.31 (1.18–1.46) | < 0.001 | 1.64 (1.55–1.73) | < 0.001 | 1.28 (1.14–1.44) | < 0.001 |
| Education | ||||||||
| Primary/under | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | ||||
| Middle and High | 0.72 (0.68–0.76) | < 0.001 | 1.45 (1.32–1.95) | < 0.001 | 0.82 (0.78–0.87) | < 0.001 | 1.53 (1.38–1.71) | < 0.001 |
| College/above | 0.94 (0.85–1.04) | 0.260 | 1.61 (1.32–1.96) | < 0.001 | 0.97 (0.87–1.08) | 0.561 | 1.64 (1.34–2.00) | < 0.001 |
| Household income | ||||||||
| Poor | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | ||||
| Moderate | 0.81 (0.59–1.11) | 0.183 | 0.71 (0.40–1.27) | 0.246 | 0.84 (0.61–1.15) | 0.274 | 0.71 (0.40–1.28) | 0.258 |
| Well-off | 0.73 (0.53–1.00) | 0.052 | 0.73 (0.40–1.33) | 0.310 | 0.78 (0.57–1.08) | 0.139 | 0.75 (0.41–1.36) | 0.336 |
| Rich | 0.57 (0.25–1.32) | 0.189 | –‡ | –‡ | 0.61 (0.26–1.43) | 0.254 | –‡ | –‡ |
| Hypertension | ||||||||
| No | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | ||||
| Yes | 1.71 (1.63–1.80) | < 0.001 | 1.22 (1.10–1.36) | < 0.001 | 1.54 (1.47–1.62) | < 0.001 | 1.18 (1.06–1.32) | 0.002 |
| Hyperlipidemia | ||||||||
| No | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | ||||
| Yes | 3.11 (2.87–3.36) | < 0.001 | 3.75 (3.28–4.30) | < 0.001 | 3.02 (2.79–3.27) | < 0.001 | 3.70 (3.23–4.24) | < 0.001 |
| CHD | ||||||||
| No | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | ||||
| Yes | 2.71 (2.29–3.20) | < 0.001 | 1.55 (1.04–2.31) | 0.031 | 2.23 (1.88–2.64) | < 0.001 | 1.48 (1.00–2.21) | 0.053 |
| Stroke | ||||||||
| No | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | ||||
| Yes | 3.01 (2.55–3.56) | < 0.001 | 1.22 (0.77–1.94) | 0.392 | 2.49 (2.10–2.96) | < 0.001 | 1.16 (0.73–1.84) | 0.534 |
| Smoking | ||||||||
| Non-smoker | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | ||||
| Ex-smoker | 1.20 (0.95–1.33) | 0.191 | 1.15(0.83–1.61) | 0.409 | 1.14 (0.95–1.37) | 0.169 | 0.98(0.69–1.39) | 0.887 |
| Smoker | 1.18 (1.09–1.27) | < 0.001 | 1.10 (0.94–1.29) | 0.254 | 1.13 (1.03–1.24) | 0.010 | 0.91 (0.75–1.09) | 0.307 |
| Drinking | ||||||||
| Non-drinkers | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | ||||
| Light | 0.99(0.93–1.06) | 0.843 | 0.99(0.87–1.12) | 0.854 | 1.00 (0.94–1.07) | 0.937 | 0.98(0.86–1.12) | 0.777 |
| Moderate | 0.97 (0.91–1.03) | 0.298 | 0.99(0.87–1.14) | 0.936 | 0.97(0.90–1.03) | 0.296 | 0.99 (0.86–1.14) | 0.912 |
| Heavy | 0.94 (0.86–1.02) | 0.126 | 1.26(1.11–1.47) | 0.003 | 0.73 (0.66–0.80) | < 0.001 | 1.08 (0.91–1.29) | 0.379 |
| Sleep duration (Hour) | ||||||||
| ≤ 5 | 1.55(1.42–1.70) | < 0.001 | 1.30 (1.08–1.56) | 0.005 | 1.44 (1.32–1.58) | < 0.001 | 1.29 (1.07–1.55) | 0.007 |
| 6–9 | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | ||||
| > 9 | 1.64(1.30–2.07) | < 0.001 | 1.18 (0.70–1.98) | 0.531 | 1.46 (1.15–1.84) | 0.002 | 1.15 (0.68–1.93) | 0.603 |
| Family diabetes | ||||||||
| No | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | ||||
| Yes | 3.97(3.67–4.30) | < 0.001 | 2.72 (2.31–3.21) | < 0.001 | 4.68 (4.31–5.08) | < 0.001 | 2.85 (2.41–3.36) | < 0.001 |
| Fish | ||||||||
| No | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | ||||
| Yes | 0.75(0.65–0.87) | < 0.001 | 0.59 (0.42–0.82) | < 0.001 | 0.77 (0.67–0.90) | 0.001 | 0.59 (0.43–0.83) | 0.002 |
| Vegetables | ||||||||
| < 100 | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | ||||
| ≥ 100 | 1.09(1.03–1.14) | 0.001 | 1.46 (1.32–1.61) | < 0.001 | 1.10 (1.05–1.16) | < 0.001 | 1.46 (1.32–1.61) | < 0.001 |
| Soy | ||||||||
| No | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | ||||
| Yes | 0.72(0.65–0.79) | < 0.001 | 0.57 (0.46–0.72) | < 0.001 | 0.73 (0.66–0.80) | < 0.001 | 0.58 (0.46–0.72) | < 0.001 |
| Dairy Product | ||||||||
| No | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | ||||
| Yes | 1.23 (1.17–1.30) | < 0.001 | 0.80 (0.71–0.90) | < 0.001 | 1.17 (1.11–1.24) | < 0.001 | 0.79 (0.71–0.89) | < 0.001 |
| Fruit | ||||||||
| No | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | ||||
| Yes | 0.65 (0.62–0.68) | < 0.001 | 0.59 (0.53–0.65) | < 0.001 | 0.66 (0.63–0.70) | < 0.001 | 0.59 (0.54–0.65) | < 0.001 |
Notes: † OR were adjusted for ther factors; ‡ The number of people in this group is 0 and cannot be brought into the formula to calculate the percentage.
Abbreviation: OR, odds ratios.