FIG 1.

Reduction in denatured protein levels in cells pretreated with mild ethanol (EtOH) stress. (A) Yeast cells expressing GFP-tagged proteins were treated with various concentrations of ethanol for 180 min or thermal stress at 42°C for 60 min in SD medium. Representative images are shown. Bar, 5 μm. (B) Cells were pretreated with 6% (vol/vol) ethanol for 60 to 180 min and then exposed to 10% (vol/vol) ethanol for 180 min. Intracellular levels of insoluble proteins were assayed. Samples were separated using a 10% SDS-polyacrylamide gel and visualized by silver staining. Representative images are shown in the left panel and quantified data in the right panel. Relative ratios were calculated from three independent experiments. Each value is expressed as the mean ± SD of fold changes in the staining levels of insoluble proteins relative to those in nonstressed cells. *, P < 0.05; **, P < 0.01 by the Student t test.