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. 2021 May 7;11:9766. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-89137-z

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© The Author(s) 2021, corrected publication 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Showing DMAG induced ATP secretion and expression of cytokines as well as their modulation by P2 receptor inhibitors and calcium chelator, ATP induced calcium response, cytokine expression, modulation by calcium chelator, (a–d) DMAG treated N9 cells with or without pre-incubation with PPADS (10 μM) or A-438079 (10 μM) showing (a) treated with DMAG inducing the secretion of ATP which is inhibited by PPADS or A-438079. (b) TGFβ (c) TNFα (d) IFNɣ. Showing ATP (100 μM) treated N9 cells (e) Elevated intracellular calcium time in seconds along X-Axis and Intensity (F − F₀) which is base line fluorescence subtracted from observed fluorescence along Y axis. Expression of cytokines by N9 microglial cells treated with ATP (25 μM or 100 μM) in the presence or absence of BAPTA (50 μM) showing (f) TGFβ (g) TNFα (h) IFNγ. DMAG (1 mM) treated N9 cells with or without pre-incubation with BAPTA (50 μM), showing (i) secretion of ATP and inhibition by BAPTA. (j) TGFβ (k) TNFα (l) IFNɣ. The significance was calculated using Student T- test. *for P < 0.05, ** for P < 0.01, and *** for P < 0.001. For n numbers and the results provided as mean ± SEM, refer to text.