Table 2.

Cell membrane-based biomimetic materials and current application status.

Membrane	Materials core	Drug-loading	Research approaches	Ref.
Cancer cell membrane	Gold nanocage	Dox	In vivo and in vitro	[24]
Cancer cell membrane	PLGA	None	In vivo and in vitro	[26]
Cancer cell membrane	(Si–Pc)/PLNPs/hSiO2	Dox	In vivo and in vitro	[7]
Cancer cell membrane	ICG/PLGA	Fluorescent dyes	In vivo and in vitro	[27]
Cancer cell membrane	PCL/F68	PTX	In vivo and in vitro	[28]
Cancer cell membrane	Hb/PLGA	Dox	In vivo and in vitro	[29]
Cancer cell membrane	Fluorescent nanoprobes	Fluorescent dyes	In vivo and in vitro	[30]
Cancer cell membrane	UCNPs	None	In vivo	[31]
Red blood-cell membrane	PLGA	GA	In vivo and in vitro	[35]
Erythrocyte membrane	UCNPs	Photosensitizer	In vivo and in vitro	[36]
Erythrocyte membrane	Gold nanorods	Cyclopamine	In vivo and in vitro	[6]
Red blood-cell membrane	Polypyrrole nanoparticles	BQ123	In vivo and in vitro	[37]
Leukocyte membrane	Nanoporous silicon particles	None	In vivo and in vitro	[39]
Natural killer cell membrane	None	Dox	In vivo and in vitro	[47]