Table 2.
Study Characteristics
| Study | Year published | Clinical area | Country | Data collection method | No. of included authors |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Akl et al11 | 2014 | Respirology | United States | Author declaration | 104 |
| Alhamoud et al23 | 2016 | Cardiology | United States | External sources | 537 |
| Allan et al39 | 2015 | Family medicine | Canada | Author declaration | 2495 |
| Andreatos et al9 | 2017 | General | United States | National database | 1329 |
| Bindslev et al24 | 2013 | General | Denmark | Author declaration | 254 |
| Carlisle et al25 | 2018 | Urology | United States | National database | 54 |
| Checketts et al27 | 2017 | Dermatology | United States | National database | 49 |
| Checketts et al26 | 2018 | Orthopedic surgery | United States | National database | 106 |
| Choudhry et al41 | 2002 | General | >1 country | Author declaration | 100 |
| Combs et al33 | 2018 | Gastroenterology | United States | National database | 83 |
| Cosgrove et al28 | 2006 | Psychiatry | United States | External sources | 170 |
| Cosgrove et al21 | 2009 | Psychiatry | United States | External sources | 20 |
| Cosgrove et al20 | 2013 | Psychiatry | United States | External sources | 6 |
| Cosgrove et al22 | 2017 | Psychiatry | United States | External sources | 172 |
| Feuerstein et al12 | 2013 | Gastroenterology | >1 country | Author declaration | 113 |
| Feuerstein et al13 | 2013 | Gastroenterology | United States | Author declaration | 83 |
| Feuerstein et al14 | 2016 | Gastroenterology | >1 country | Author declaration | 47 |
| Feuerstein et al15 | 2016 | Orthopedic surgery | >1 country | Author declaration | 80 |
| Feuerstein et al16 | 2014 | Subspecialty interventional fields | United States | Author declaration | 697 |
| Grindal et al10 | 2018 | Gastroenterology | >1 country | Author declaration | 173 |
| Hauser et al37 | 2017 | Pain medicine | Germany | Author declaration | 42 |
| Holloway et al36 | 2008 | Neurology | United States | Author declaration | 351 |
| Jefferson and Pearson42 | 2017 | Cardiology, gastroenterology | United States | External sources | 45 |
| Khan et al8 | 2018 | General | >1 country | National database | 160 |
| Langer et al34 | 2012 | General | Germany | Author declaration | 1379 |
| Liu et al17 | 2019 | Oncology | United States | National database | 542 |
| Mendelson et al29 | 2011 | Cardiology | United States | Author declaration | 651 |
| Mitchell et al30 | 2016 | Oncology | United States | National database | 125 |
| Moynihan et al19 | 2019 | General | Australia | National database | 402 |
| Neuman et al35 | 2011 | Cardiology, endocrinology | >1 country | External sources | 288 |
| Nifaratos and Pescatore18 | 2019 | Neurology | United States | National database | 76 |
| Norris et al32 | 2013 | Endocrinology | United States | Author declaration | 192 |
| Norris et al31 | 2012 | General | United States | Author declaration | 731 |
| Papanikolaou et al40 | 2001 | General | >1 country | Author declaration | 242 |
| Saito et al44 | 2019 | Oncology | Japan | Author declaration | 326 |
| Schott et al38 | 2015 | General | Germany | Author declaration | 2190 |
| Shnier et al43 | 2016 | General | Canada | External sources | 350 |