Table 1.

The simple associations between demographic and social risk factors and food insecurity: χ² analysis result

Variable	Group	Food secure		Food insecure		Total	Total	χ2	p
		n	%	n	%	n	%
Housing status	Homeless-sheltered	145	20.4	565	79.6	710	20.5	36.60	0.00
	Homeless-unsheltered	76	13.5	485	86.5	561	16.2
	Stable housing	553	25.2	1644	74.8	2197	63.4
Transportation need	Yes	162	22.0	576	78.0	738	21.3	0.07	0.78
	No	612	22.4	2118	77.6	2730	78.7
Utility bill need	Yes	147	20.4	572	79.6	719	20.7	1.83	0.17
	No	627	22.8	2122	77.2	2749	79.3
Criminal justice need	Yes	22	25.6	64	74.4	86	2.5	0.54	0.46
	No	752	22.2	2630	77.8	3382	97.5
Employment need	Yes	45	23.7	145	76.3	190	5.5	0.21	0.64
	No	729	22.2	2549	77.8	3278	94.5
Medical financial need	Yes	102	35.3	187	64.7	289	8.3	30.60	0.00
	No	672	21.1	2507	78.9	3179	91.7
Age	Under 29	64	17.5	302	82.5	366	10.6	19.10	0.00
	30–39	95	19.3	397	80.7	492	14.2
	40–49	127	20.8	485	79.2	612	17.6
	50–64	318	22.9	1068	77.1	1386	40.0
	65+	170	27.8	442	72.2	612	17.6
Gender	Male	288	23.8	923	76.2	1211	34.9	2.29	0.13
	Female	486	21.5	1771	78.5	2257	65.1
Race	White	328	24.6	1006	75.4	1334	38.5	8.98	0.06
	Black	138	19.0	589	81.0	727	21.0
	Asian	22	22.4	76	77.6	98	2.8
	Hispanic	204	22.2	716	77.8	920	26.5
	AI/AN	82	21.1	307	78.9	389	11.2
Veteran	Veteran	706	22.1	2487	77.9	3193	92.1	1.00	0.31
	No veteran	68	24.7	207	75.3	275	7.9
FPL	Under 138%	657	22.0	2326	78.0	2983	86.0	1.50	0.68
	139–200%	86	23.6	278	76.4	364	10.5
	201–300%	25	26.6	69	73.4	94	2.7
	301%+	6	22.2	21	77.8	27	0.8
Employment status	Employed	134	22.0	474	78.0	608	17.5	19.10	0.00
	Disabled	298	22.2	1042	77.8	1340	38.6
	Retired	104	31.3	228	68.7	332	9.6
	Unemployed	238	20.0	950	80.0	1188	34.3
Education	HS or below	401	20.8	1527	79.2	1928	55.6	11.30	0.00
	Some college	217	22.3	756	77.7	973	28.1
	BS or above	156	27.5	411	72.5	567	16.3
Health insurance	Private	28	20.4	109	79.6	137	4.0	15.40	0.00
	Medicaid	391	21.1	1460	78.9	1851	53.4
	Medicare	93	31.1	206	68.9	299	8.6
	Medi-medi	122	21.6	443	78.4	565	16.3
	No insurance	81	23.1	269	76.9	350	10.1
	Other	59	22.2	207	77.8	266	7.7
Total		774		2694		3468	100.0

AI/AN American Indians or Alaskan Native