Table 3.
Survival analyses on the time to the first reported Middle East respiratory syndrome case in each space unit, September 2012–June 2020
| Predictors | Univariable | Multivariable | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hazard ratio | 95% CI | P-value | Hazard ratio | 95% CI | P-value | |
| Population density(10/km2) | 1.00 | 0.99–1.00 | 0.44 | |||
| Camel density (10/km2) | 1.74 | 1.35–2.23 | < 0.001 | |||
| Elevation (km) | 0.99 | 0.66–1.46 | 0.94 | 2.40 | 1.47–3.91 | < 0.001 |
| Meteorological variable | ||||||
| BIO1 | 1.58 | 1.48–1.68 | < 0.001 | 1.38 | 1.25–1.52 | < 0.001 |
| BIO2 | 1.97 | 1.74–2.23 | < 0.001 | 1.28 | 1.12–1.46 | < 0.001 |
| BIO3 | 1.04 | 1.01–1.07 | 0.012 | |||
| BIO4 | 1.003 | 1.002–1.005 | < 0.001 | |||
| BIO5 | 1.36 | 1.30–1.43 | < 0.001 | |||
| BIO12 | 0.78 | 0.74–0.83 | < 0.001 | |||
| Percentages of land cover (10%) | ||||||
| Cropland | 0.27 | 0.14–0.49 | < 0.001 | 0.51 | 0.27–0.95 | 0.034 |
| Shrubland | 0.20 | 0.07–0.58 | 0.003 | |||
| Bare land | 1.49 | 1.39–1.59 | < 0.001 | 1.13 | 1.03–1.25 | 0.014 |
| Intersect with railway | 3.76 | 2.35–6.01 | < 0.001 | 2.33 | 1.37–3.97 | 0.002 |
| Intersect with main road | 59.53 | 8.27–428.25 | < 0.001 | 15.45 | 2.11–113.26 | 0.007 |
| Number of hospitals (10) | 1.28 | 1.15–1.37 | < 0.001 | 1.19 | 1.04–1.44 | 0.010 |
BIO1 annual average temperature, BIO2 average diurnal range of temperature, BIO3 isothermality, BIO4 temperature seasonality, BIO5 max temperature of warmest month, BIO12 Annual precipitation
Turkey and Iran are excluded in this analysis. Space unit is the third-level administrative area (county) in Saudi Arabia and the second-level administrative area elsewhere