Fig. 4.

The effects of state regulations and the CDC guidelines on discountnuing opioids and using non-opioids analgesics among adults with chronic acute pain, 2014–2017. Nationally representative estimates of the effects of the 2016 CDC guidelines and state regulations (caps on number of prescription, pill mill laws, and comprehensive PDMPs) on the percent of prior-year opioids users discontinue opioids in the current year with nothing else used, or with non-opioids analgesics only, or continue with opioids, for those with chronic pain, excluding cancer patients. See full state fixed effect multinomial logit regression result in Appendix 2 Table 7. *** (**) (*) statistically significant difference compared to the no state regulations/no guidelines case at the p < 0.01 (p < 0.05) (p < 0.1) level. Sources: Authors’ calculations using MEPS