Fig. 6.

Work limitation due to pain after discontinuing opioids under state regulations and the CDC guidelines among adults with chronic pain, 2014–2017. Nationally representative estimates of the effects of the 2016 CDC guidelines and state regulations (caps on number of prescription, pill mill laws, and comprehensive PDMPs) on the change in work limitation due to pain from year 1 to year 2 among adults with chronic pain and opioid use in prior year, excluding cancer patients. Stopping is interacted with guidelines and regulations. See Appendix 2 Table 13 for full state-fixed multinomial regression. *** (**) (*) statistically significant difference compared to the no state regulations/no guidelines case at the p < 0.01 (p < 0.05) (p < 0.1) level. Sources: Authors’ calculations using MEPS