Fig. 7.

The effects of state regulations and the CDC guidelines on discontinuing opioids and using non-opioids analgesics among long term opioids users with chronic pain, 2014–2017. Note that less than 0.1% discontinue with nothing used, so that option is not estimated. Thus, we report nationally representative logit estimates of the effects of the 2016 CDC guidelines and state regulations (caps on number of prescription, pill mill laws, and comprehensive PDMPs) on percent year of long term opioids users discontinuing opioids with non-opioids analgesics versus continuing with opioids, for those with chronic pain, excluding cancer patients and with long-term opioid use for two or more years. See full state fixed effect logit regression results in Appendix 2 Table 10. *** (**) (*) statistically significant difference compared to the no state regulations/no guidelines case at the p < 0.01 (p < 0.05) (p < 0.1) level. Sources: Authors’ calculations using MEPS