Table 12.
Estimated use of annual mmes among long-term users, 2014–2017
| Variables | (1) | (2) |
|---|---|---|
| Probability of using less than 700 annual MMEs | Probability of using more than 3000 annual MMEs | |
| CDC guideline | 0.109* | − 0.020 |
| (0.061) | (0.090) | |
| State regulations | − 0.021 | 0.102 |
| (0.063) | (0.078) | |
| Trend | − 0.050* | − 0.006 |
| (0.029) | (0.045) | |
| Pain limited work | − 0.076*** | 0.152*** |
| (0.029) | (0.043) | |
| Age | − 0.022*** | 0.022** |
| (0.008) | (0.010) | |
| Age squared | 0.000*** | − 0.000*** |
| (0.000) | (0.000) | |
| Male | − 0.016 | 0.003 |
| (0.032) | (0.041) | |
| Black | 0.064 | − 0.125** |
| (0.043) | (0.054) | |
| Hispanic | 0.063 | − 0.158*** |
| (0.048) | (0.059) | |
| Surgery | − 0.031 | 0.087 |
| (0.047) | (0.066) | |
| Felt hopeless most/all of time | 0.110* | 0.002 |
| (0.061) | (0.078) | |
| Dual/SSI nonelderly | − 0.030 | − 0.072 |
| (0.046) | (0.067) | |
| Married | − 0.020 | − 0.043 |
| (0.038) | (0.045) | |
| 1–3 years college | 0.092*** | − 0.080* |
| (0.031) | (0.044) | |
| 4 + years college | 0.013 | − 0.134** |
| (0.042) | (0.054) | |
| Employed | 0.051 | − 0.272*** |
| (0.037) | (0.046) | |
| Publicly insured, nonelderly | − 0.022 | 0.029 |
| (0.045) | (0.063) | |
| Elderly | − 0.233*** | 0.120 |
| (0.074) | (0.075) | |
| Uninsured, nonelderly | − 0.041 | − 0.027 |
| (0.082) | (0.087) | |
| HMO | − 0.006 | 0.013 |
| (0.030) | (0.040) | |
| Near poor | − 0.168* | 0.115 |
| (0.098) | (0.087) | |
| Low income | − 0.072 | 0.099 |
| (0.057) | (0.071) | |
| Middle income | − 0.092* | 0.185*** |
| (0.050) | (0.071) | |
| High income | − 0.105* | 0.156** |
| (0.060) | (0.074) | |
| Poor mental health | − 0.060* | 0.017 |
| (0.034) | (0.042) | |
| Angina | − 0.130 | 0.030 |
| (0.084) | (0.068) | |
| Arthritis | − 0.045 | 0.011 |
| (0.043) | (0.051) | |
| Asthma | 0.029 | 0.023 |
| (0.042) | (0.059) | |
| Coronary heart disease | − 0.020 | 0.005 |
| (0.064) | (0.076) | |
| Cholesterol | 0.023 | 0.009 |
| (0.032) | (0.044) | |
| Diabetes | 0.010 | − 0.003 |
| (0.038) | (0.047) | |
| Emphysema | − 0.007 | − 0.169*** |
| (0.068) | (0.064) | |
| High blood pressure | − 0.013 | 0.093** |
| (0.030) | (0.047) | |
| Joint pain | − 0.030 | 0.043 |
| (0.036) | (0.054) | |
| Mild heart attack | 0.017 | − 0.010 |
| (0.060) | (0.077) | |
| Other heart attack | 0.010 | − 0.007 |
| (0.037) | (0.044) | |
| Stroke | 0.002 | − 0.085 |
| (0.054) | (0.064) | |
| Chronic bronchitis | − 0.010 | 0.052 |
| (0.060) | (0.094) | |
| Smoker | − 0.071* | 0.092* |
| (0.040) | (0.048) | |
| Obesity | − 0.044 | 0.004 |
| (0.030) | (0.045) | |
| Pregnant | 0.157 | − 0.363 |
| (0.122) | (0.269) | |
| Rural | − 0.083 | 0.021 |
| (0.057) | (0.064) | |
| Observations | 735 | 735 |
Logit regressions. Marginal effects reported. Long-term use is more than 2 years, with chronic pain, excluding cancer
Standard errors in parentheses adjusted for complex survey design
Not shown: State fixed effects
MME morphine milligram equivalents
***p < 0.01; **p < 0.05; *p < 0.1