Table 3. The brief introduction of hemostatic materials.

Category	Materials	Mechanism	Advantage	Disadvantage	Product	Application
Inorganic based hemostatic materials	Zeolite	Water absorption	Rapidly achieving hemostasis	Exothermic reaction	Quickclot	Battle Injury First Aid
					ACS
					ACS+
	Smectite	Water absorption; cation exchange ability to stimulate intrinsic pathway	Excellent hemostatic properties	Thrombosis risk; severe inflammatory response; neurovascular injury and necrosis	WoundStat	unavailable
	Kaolin	Water absorption; activation Factor XII	Various hemostatic mechanisms; low cost; safe	Need to remove	QCG	QCG and QCX for battlefield; QCTP for spinal deformity surgery; QCI for percutaneous Coronary Intervention
					QCX
					QCTP
					QCI
Polysaccharide based hemostatic materials	Chitosan	Aggregation of red blood cells; stimulation of platelets; affection the structure of fibrinogen	Various hemostatic mechanisms; non-immunogenicity; antimicrobial; degradability	Inadaptation for deep and small injury site	Hemcon	Battlefield and pre-hospital setting
					Celox
					TraumaStat
	Starch	Water absorption	Non-immunogenic; bio-absorption	Limited hemostatic efficacy	Arista	Widely used in surgery; possible reducing seroma after mastectomy
					Hemostase
	Cellulose	Activating platelets; generating blood cells; water absorption;	Bactericidal properties	Cytotoxicity	Surgicel	Widely used in surgery
					Traumastem
	Alginate	Releasing Ca2+	Promoting wound healing; antimicrobial	Limited hemostatic efficacy	Kaltostat	Promoting wound healing
					Sorbalgon
Biologically derived homeostatic materials	thrombin	Direct action with fibrinogen; Indirect effects mediated via other clotting factors	Excellent hemostatic performance	Xenogeneic immune response; transmitting bloodborne pathogens; high cost	Recothrom	Widely used in surgery
					Thrombin-JMI
					Evithrom
	fibrin	Increase coagulation factors; creating a sealing barrier; adhering structures together	hemostats, sealants and adhesives	Transmitting bloodborne pathogens; high cost	Tisseel	Widely used in surgery
					Evicel
					Vitagel
					Evarrest
					ARTISS
	Collagen	Providing the matrix structure for platelets; interacting with factor XII, FIX, von Willebrand	Easy extractability; cost effectiveness; safety; good biocompatibility and biodegradability	Limited hemostatic efficacy for severe bleeding	Stypro	Venous and arteriolar hemostasis; diffuse bleeding
					HEMOBLAST
	Gelatin	Water absorption	Providing tamponade effect; low immunogenicity	Compression-related side effects	Floseal	Gelfoam not for spinal and neurosurgery
					Surgiflo
					Gelfoam
	Microfibrillar Collagen	Activation platelets	Adhesive to wet environment	Adherence to gloves and instruments	Avitene Flour; EndoAvitene; Avitene Ultrafoam; Avitene UltraWrap	Widely used in surgery
	Bovine albumin	Creating a mechanical sealant	Independent of the coagulation cascade; bonding tightly	Tissue injury; mass effect; embolic complications	Bioglue	Vascular Surgery
					PreveLeak
Synthetically derived hemostatic materials	Polyethylene glycol	Water absorption; physical barrier	Flexibility; good biocompatibility	Swelling complication; weak mechanical properties; complicated use; high price; use on dry surface	CoSeal	Dural sealing; preventing lung leakage; sealing vascular grafts
					DuraSeal
	Cyanoacrylate	Physical barrier	Sealing low-tension wounds	Use on dry surface; not for high-tension wounds	Dermabond	skin closure
					Histoacryl