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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2021 Sep 1.
Published in final edited form as: Epidemiology. 2020 Sep;31(5):620–627. doi: 10.1097/EDE.0000000000001215

Figure 1:

Figure 1:

Simplified directed acyclic graph to represent the challenges posed by incomplete HIV testing. Demographics and prior testing are common causes of current testing (the hypothetical intervention node) and underlying HIV status (possible unobserved), both of which impact observed HIV status. Analogous challenges arise due to incomplete measurement of suppression among HIV-positive persons.