Table 1.

Self-management abilities and behaviours as depicted in different frameworks or reviews

Framework	Self-management abilities or processes	Self-management behaviours
Corbin & Strauss (1988) [14] Sattoe et al. (2015) [9]	• Medical management • Behavioural management • Emotional management	Not described
Lorig & Holman (2004) [15]	• Problem solving • Decision making • Utilising resources • Partnering with healthcare providers • Taking action and improving self-efficacy	Not described
Ryan & Sawin (2009) [16] Sawin (2017) [11]	• Enhancing knowledge and beliefs (self-efficacy, outcome expectancy, goal congruence) • Regulating skills and abilities (goal-setting, self-monitoring, reflective thinking, decision making, planning, action, self-evaluation, emotional control) • Social facilitation (influence, support, collaboration)	• Engaging in treatment / treatment adherence • Symptom monitoring
Schilling et al. (2009) [17]	• Collaborating with parents – frequency of parental involvement • Problem solving – adjusting regimen themselves and knowing blood values • Goals – endorsing potential goals	• Performing key care activities • Communicating with parents, healthcare workers, friends
Modi et al. (2012) [10]	• Determining healthcare needs • Seeking disease and treatment related information • Communicating with the medical team	• Taking medication • Attending appointments • Self-monitoring symptoms • Lifestyle modifications • Behavioural compliance with parental instructions • Self-care
Bernardin et al. (2013) [18]	• Self-care skills • Interpersonal skills (communication, relationships, safer sex practices, disclosure) • Technical knowledge (HIV and ART) • Cognitive skills (goal setting, problem solving, decision making, coping skills) • Positive attitudes (self-efficacy, positivity, etc.) • Planning for future roles	• Health and illness management • Use of health services
Grey et al. (2014) [19]	• Illness needs (learning, taking ownership of health needs, performing health promotion activities) • Activating resources (health care, psychological, spiritual, social, community) • Living with a chronic illness (processing emotions, adjusting, integrating illness into daily life, meaning making)	• Acquiring information, monitoring and managing symptoms, taking action to prevent complications, goal setting, decision making, problem solving, planning, evaluating, etc. • Communicating effectively, making decisions collaboratively, seeking support of family and friends, etc. • Dealing with shock and blame, making sense of illness, dealing with stigma, creating a sense of purpose, etc.
Mehraeen et al. (2018) [20]	• Self-management skills not explicitly described	• Medication regimen adherence • Safe sexual behaviour • Physical activity improvement • Symptom management • Attending appointments • Communication with healthcare providers