Table 2.

Summary of characteristics of included studies

ID	Name of intervention	Design	Participant characteristics	Sample size	Participants on ART?	Perinatal or sexual transmission	Country & Setting	Outcomes
Belzer et al. (2014); Sayegh et al. (2018) [40, 41]	Cell Phone Support	RCTa – parallel group	Age 15–24 History of non-adherence (< 90%) 62.2% Male 70.27% Non-Hispanic/ Black/African American	n = 37 Intervention = 19 Control (usual care) = 18	Yes	Both - 54% behaviourally infected and 46% perinatally infected	USA High income Urban Community/home	Confidence - self-efficacy for adherence Adherence Self-care abilities - substance use Viral suppression Mental health - depression Emotional health - stress Psychological health - problem solving / distraction Healthcare utilisation
Bhana et al. 2014) [42]	Vuka Family Programme	RCT – parallel group	Age 10–14 Child and caregiver 51% Female Black South Africans, Zulu Receiving childcare grant: n = 45 (82%)	n = 65 Intervention = 33 Control (wait list) = 32	Yes	Perinatal	South Africa Middle-income Urban Health facility	Knowledge - HIV treatment knowledge Confidence - self-identity, self-satisfaction, self-esteem Social support - youth and caregiver communication and comfort Adherence Mental health - strengths and difficulties, child depression
Dow et al. (2018, 2020) [43, 44]	Mental Health Intervention Sauti ya Vijana (SYV; The Voice of Youth)	RCT – parallel group	Age 12–24 50.5% Female	n = 93 Intervention = 55 Control (usual care) = 38	Yes	Both (84% perinatal)	Tanzania Low-income Urban Health facility	Internal stigmab Adherence Viral suppression Mental health - strengths and difficulties, post traumatic stress, depression
Donenberg et al. (2019); Fabri et al. (2015) [45, 46]	Peer-led TI-CBT	RCT – parallel group	Age 14–21	n = 356 Intervention = 178 Control (other intervention with no SM components) = 178	Yes	Unclear	Rwanda Low income Urban Health facility	Adherence Health/risk behaviour - sexual behaviour and drug use Healthcare utilisation
Holden et al. (2019) [47]	Stepping Stones	Non-RCT (Historical controls)	Age 5–14 Limited ART adherence/school attendance 53.7% > 10 years 52% Female	n = 177 Intervention = 86 Control (usual care) = 91	Yes	Unclear sexual, mostly perinatal	Tanzania Low income Urban Community	Adherence CD4
Hosek et al. (2018) [48]	ACCEPT (Adolescents Coping, Connecting, Empowering, and Protecting Together)	RCT – parallel group	Age 16–24 Diagnosed with HIV for less than 15 months 68% Gay/lesbian 80.6% Male 51.5% Currently in school 83.5% African American	n = 103 Intervention = 57 Control (other intervention with SM components) = 46	Unclear (71.8% taking ART)	Sexual	USA High income Urban Heath facility	Stigmac Social support Networks and communication - engagement with healthcare provider Adherence Viral suppression CD4 Health-related quality of life Mental Health - psychological distress Healthcare utilisation
Jeffries et al. (2016) [49]	UCare4Life	RCT – parallel group	Age 15–24 Own a phone with text-messaging capability 85% Age 21–24 86% Male 76% Black or African American 68% Diagnosed less than 3 years ago	n = 136 Intervention = 91 Control (usual care) = 45	Unclear	Unclear	USA High income Urban Home/ICT	Adherence Self-care abilities - binge drinking Viral suppression
Letourneau et al. (2013) [50]	Multisystemic therapy	Non-RCT – parallel group	Age 9–17 Poor adherence/risky behaviour 65% Female 91% African American	n = 34 Intervention = 20 Control (other intervention with SM components) = 14	Yes	Perinatal (33/34)	USA High income Urban Community/ICT	Adherence Viral suppression CD4
Mimiaga et al. (2019) [51]	Positive STEPS	RCT – parallel group	Age 16–24 Self-report adherence difficulty	n = 14 Intervention =7 Control (usual care) = 7	Yes	Sexual (82% behaviourally infected)	USA High income Urban Community/ICT/ Health Facility	Confidence - adherence readiness, medication taking, self-efficacy Social support Interpersonal skills Adherence
Naar-King et al. (2006) [52]	Healthy Choices	RCT – parallel group	Age 16–25 51% Male 88% African American 58% Heterosexual	n = 62 Intervention = 31 Control (wait list) = 33	Unclear – 1/3 on ART	Sexual (91%)	USA High income Urban Health facility	Health/risk behaviour - sexual risk behaviour Self-care abilities - illicit drug and alcohol use Viral suppression
Naar-King et al. (2009) [53]	Healthy Choices	RCT – parallel group	Age 16–24 At least 1 of 3 HIV risk behaviours 56.6% Heterosexual 52.7% Male 83.3% African American	n = 186 Intervention =94 Control (usual care) = 92	Unclear – 34.4% on ART at baseline	Unclear	USA High income Urban Health facility	Viral suppression
Rongkavilit et al. (2014) [54]	Healthy Choices	RCT – parallel group	Age 16–25 Mean age 21.7 80% Male 41.8% HIV diagnoses in last 6 months	n = 110 Intervention = 55 Control (other intervention with no SM components) = 55	Unclear – 45.5% diagnosed in past 6 months	Yes, 70% MSM	Thailand Middle income Urban Health facility	Confidence - self-efficacy for health promotion and risk reduction Adherence Health/risk behaviour - Consistent condom use Self-care abilities - alcohol and substance use Viral suppression Mental health Emotional health - anxiety
Webb et al. (2017) [55]	Mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR)	RCT – parallel group	Age 14–22 CD4 count > 200 Mean age 18.7 32.2% Female	n = 93 Intervention = 48 Control (Other intervention with no SM components) = 45	Unclear	Unclear	USA High income Urban Health facility	Mindfulnessd Adherence Viral suppression CD4 s Health-related quality of life Mental health - coping Emotional health - perceived stress Psychological health – problem solving / distraction
Whiteley et al. (2018) [56]	iPhone game (BattleViro)	RCT – parallel group	14–26 Detectable viral load 74% Non-heterosexual Mean age 22.4 78.7% Male 96.7% Black, African American or Haitian	n = 61 Intervention = 32 Control (other intervention with no SM components) = 29	Yes	Sexual	USA High income Urban Community/ICT/Home	Knowledge - HIV treatment, ART knowledge Confidence - motivation, self-efficacy Social support Adherence Health / risk behaviour - Sexual risk behaviour Viral suppression Mental health - psychological distress

Key: HCW Healthcare worker, ICT Information Communications Technology

^aRCT randomised controlled trial

^bNot an outcome of this review, but included for completeness

^cNot an outcome of this review, but included for completeness

^dMindfulness not an outcome of this review, but included for completeness under Confidence