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. 2021 Apr;9(8):712. doi: 10.21037/atm-21-1448

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2021 Annals of Translational Medicine. All rights reserved.

Open Access Statement: This is an Open Access article distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0), which permits the non-commercial replication and distribution of the article with the strict proviso that no changes or edits are made and the original work is properly cited (including links to both the formal publication through the relevant DOI and the license). See: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0.

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4-OI activated Nrf2 by reducing Keap1 and increasing Nrf2 protein content in LTA-induced macrophages. (A) mRNA levels of Nrf2. (B) mRNA levels of NQO1. (C) mRNA levels of HO-1. (D) Western blotting histograms for Nrf2, Keap1, and HO-1 proteins. (E,F,G) Statistical analysis of Nrf2, HO-1, and Keap1 levels in (D) histograms. (H) Western blot histograms of Nrf2 proteins in the cytoplasm and nucleus. (I) Statistical analysis of Nrf2 levels in (H) histograms. (J) Overall schematic of molecular docking. (K) Binding sites of 4-OI and Keap1. Data represent the mean ± standard deviation of 3 independent experiments (*, P<0.05; **, P<0.01; and ***, P<0.001). NS, no significant difference; 4-OI, 4-octyl itaconate; LTA, lipoteichoic acid.