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. 2021 May 8;19:196. doi: 10.1186/s12967-021-02863-w

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 2 — Biogenesis of extracellular vesicles and their characteristics. Exosomes are generated from multivesicle bodies (MVBs) through ESCRT complexes and other molecules. Once generated, MVBs may fuse with the plasma membrane and secrete exosomes out of cell or fuse with the lysosomes (L) for degradation of exosomes. Rab-GTPase proteins regulate intracellular trafficking of MVBs. Different molecules from Golgi apparatus (GA), cytoplasm, and the endosomal pathway are sorted into exosomes