Table 1.
Preclinical studies with drugs targeting HIF-1, angiogenesis or vasculogenic mimicry in cutaneous melanoma
| Drug | Involved Pathways | References |
|---|---|---|
| Transferrin-polyethylenimine-HIF-1α–short-hairpin RNA complex | Prevention of cell proliferation and induction of cell apoptosis; Downregulation of HIF-1α | Liu Y et al Mol Ther 2009 [119] |
| Isoliquiritigenin | Reduced expression of HIF-1α and glycolysis enzymes (GLUT 1/4, hexokinase 2, pyruvate kinase M2 and LDHA) | Wang Y et al Recent Pat Anticancer Drug Discov 2016 [120] |
| Luteolin | Reduced EMT, angiogenesis and metastasis through downregulation of HIF-1α, p-Akt, VEGF-A, p-VEGFR-2, MMP2, and MMP9 | Li C et al Phytother Res 2019 [122] |
| Vanillin | Inhibition of cell migration by repressing STAT3-mediated HIF-1α mRNA expression | Park EJ et al Int J Mol Sci 2017 [123] |
| Anti-human VEGFR-1 monoclonal antibodies, D16F7 | Inhibition of angiogenesis and endothelial cell migration in vitro; in vivo increased activity of immune checkpoint inhibitors |
Lacal PM et al Pharmacol Res 2018 [124] Lacal PM et al Pharmacol Res 2020 [126] |
| Sorafenib analogs | In vitro antiproliferative effect; in vivo anti-tumor activity; inhibitory activities against both EGFR and VEGFR-2 | Sun S et al Molecules 2017 [127] |
| FAK inhibitor | In vitro inhibition of cell proliferation; in vivo reduced angiogenesis and lymphatic vessel density through disruption of FAK-VEGFR-3 complex | Kurenova E et al Cell Cycle 2014 [128] |
| Cordyceps militaris extract | Apoptosis induction, reduced VEGF secretion, decreased Akt1 and GSK-3β activation | Ruma IMW et al Int J Oncol 2014 [129] |
| 16-kDa N-terminal fragment of prolactin complexed with liposomes | Reduced in vivo tumor growth and angiogenesis | Kinet V et al Cancer Lett 2009 [130] |
| Kinase C inhibitor | Inhibition of angiogenesis, vasculogenic mimicry, cell migration and colony formation | Fu Y et al Exp Cell Res 2020 [131] |
| Lupeol | Inhibition of vasculogenic mimicry | Bhattacharyya S et al Microvasc Res 2019 [132] |
| Apatinib | Inhibition of angiogenesis and vasculogenic mimicry by decreased expression of VEGFR-2, downregulation of the ERK1/2/PI3K/MMP2 signalling cascade | Liu ZJL et al PLoS One 2018 [133] |
| Copper (II) complex CPT8 | Reduced vasculogenic mimicry through downregulation of MMP2 | Shi X et al Dalton Trans 2018 [134] |
| Nicotinamide | Inhibition of vasculogenic mimicry through downregulation of VE-Cadherin | Itzhaki O et al PLoS One 2013 [135] |
| Lycorine hydrochloride | Reduced vasculogenic mimicry by decreasing VE-cadherin | Liu F et al Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2012 |
| Phenyl-quinoline derivative (CVM-1118)a | Inhibition of vasculogenic mimicry, antiproliferative and proapoptotic activity; inhibition of stem cell-associated genes and VEGF-A gene | Hendrix MJC et al Pharmacol Ther 2016 [137] |
aIn this article the use of Cutaneous Melanoma or Uveal Melanoma cells is not specified