Table 7.
Predictors of Out-of-Pocket Payments
| Variable | Odds ratio | P-Value | CI |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sex | |||
| Female (B) | |||
| Male | 1.15 | 0.277 | 0.89–1.48 |
| Age group of Patient | |||
| Less than 6 years (B) | |||
| Age 6–17 | 1.8 | 0.406 | 0.79–1.78 |
| Age 18–49 | 1.3 | 0.131 | 0.93–1.72 |
| Age 50–59 | 1.2 | 0.272 | 0.78–1.88 |
| Age 60–69 | 0.83 | 0.454 | 0.53–1.33 |
| Age 70 and above | 1.04 | 0.853 | 0.65–1.66 |
| Level of Education | |||
| Never been to School (B) | |||
| Primary | 1.4 | 0.080* | 0.96–2.10 |
| JHS/Middle | 1.1 | 0.429 | 0.83–1.53 |
| SHS/O/A Level | 1.23 | 0.223 | 0.88–1.72 |
| Tertiary | 1.22 | 0.343 | 0.81–1.85 |
| Region | |||
| Ashanti (B) | |||
| Central | 0.34 | 0.000** | 0.25–0.45 |
| Northern | 0.27 | 0.000** | 0.19–0.38 |
| Illness severity | |||
| Severe (B) | |||
| Moderate | 0.75 | 0.077* | 0.53–1.03 |
| Mild | 0.66 | 0.031** | 0.45–0.96 |
| All forms severity | 0.83 | 0.216 | 0.62–111 |
| Type of services received | |||
| OPD-Folder vital statistics taken (B) | |||
| Laboratory investigation | 33.97 | 0.000** | 13.0–89.09 |
| Consultation | 12.09 | 0.0000** | 5.28–27.66 |
| Drugs | 8.06 | 0.000** | 3.33–19.51 |
| Signs-Symptoms presented | |||
| Malaria-like (B) | |||
| Difficult-Breathing | 0.99 | 0.987 | 0.69–1.43 |
| ENT-toothache | 0.59 | 0.030** | 0.36–0.95 |
| Injury | 1.78 | 0.027** | 1.06–2.96 |
| Review | 0.44 | 0.000** | 0.33–0.60 |
| Eye-infections | 0.42 | 0.001*** | 0.25–0.70 |
| Hypertension-Diabetes | 0.62 | 0.173 | 0.31–1.23 |
| Skin Infections | 0.45 | 0.183 | 0.14–1.46 |
| Poorest (B) | |||
| Poorer | 1.17 | 0.370 | 0.83–1.64 |
| Poor | 1.55 | 0.012** | 1.11–2.18 |
| Less Poor | 2.00 | 0.000** | 1.40–285 |
| Least Poor | 2.08 | 0.000** | 1.43–3.02 |
B is the base category; *p < 0.1 (10% level of Significance); **p < 0.05 (5% level of Significance)