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. 2021 Apr 14;118(18):e2104746118. doi: 10.1073/pnas.2104746118

Fig. 1.

Fig. 1.

Mechanisms of resistance to glyphosate. Glyphosate (purple squares) enters the cytoplasm/symplasm by an unknown mechanism. Its cytosolic concentration can be reduced by degradation (aldo-ketoreductase), vacuolar sequestration (ATP-dependent vacuolar import of glyphosate is likely, but the involvement of an ABC transporter is not proven), or by extrusion into the extracellular space mediated by ABCC8. No information is available on the mechanism of the transport of glyphosate across the plastid envelope. The target of glyphosate, EPSPS, resides in the plastid, and glyphosate resistance can result from nuclear EPSPS mutation, duplication, or enhanced expression. Solid lines indicate up-regulation of a process, and dashed lines indicate down-regulation. Modified from ref. 3.