Table 1.
Characteristics (Mean ± Standard Deviation and Range or Proportions) of Individuals Who Had an Initial Consultation (Baseline) and Individuals Who Completed Treatment (Follow-Up) in a Public or Private Interdisciplinary Pain Center in Denmark from 2018 to 2020.
| Variables in the Minimum Core Data Set | Baseline (n=12,257) | Follow-Up (n=4111) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Women (n=8324; 67.9%) | Men (n=3933) | Women (n=2765; 67.3%) | Men (n=1346) | |
| Age (years), M±SD (range), n=12,257 (missing=0.0%) | 49.1±14.7 (18–99) | 51.9±14.3 (18–93) | 51.5±14.3 (18–97) | 55.0±13.5 (20–89) |
| Height (cm), M±SD (range), n=11,551 (missing=5.8%) | 166.9±6.6 (130–198) | 179.7±7.2 (152–210) | ||
| Weight (kg), M±SD (range), n=11,396 (missing=7.0%) | 78.5±19.2 (35–185) | 91.8±19.1 (42–200) | ||
| BMI (kg/m2), M±SD (range) | 28.2±6.6 (12.9–70.8) | 28.4±5.5 (13.6–50.1) | ||
| Highest education, n=11,531 (missing=5.9%) | ||||
| Primary school education (%) | 18.6 | 20.4 | ||
| Upper secondary education (%) | 6.2 | 4.9 | ||
| Vocational education and training (%) | 26.1 | 40.9 | ||
| Short cycle education (%) | 13.2 | 7 | ||
| Vocational bachelor education (%) | 25 | 14.6 | ||
| Master’s program (%) | 4.2 | 5 | ||
| Others (%) | 6.7 | 7.2 | ||
| Work situation, n=11,436 (missing=6.7%) | ||||
| Normal working hours (%) | 11.4 | 13.2 | ||
| Reduced working hours (%) | 10.5 | 9.4 | ||
| Sick leave (part time or full time) (%) | 18.7 | 20.9 | ||
| Pension (%) | 27.8 | 31.3 | ||
| Studying (%) | 3.7 | 1.9 | ||
| Unemployed (%) | 4.9 | 4.4 | ||
| Public welfare support (other than sick leave and unemployed) (%) | 23 | 18.9 | ||
| Pain duration (years), mean +/- SD (range), n=11,586 (missing=5.5%) | 10.3±10.2 (0.25–84) | 9.5±10.3 (0.25–68.4) | ||
| <1 year (%) | 5.7 | 7.9 | ||
| 1–3 years (%) | 21.9 | 24.6 | ||
| 3–5 years (%) | 14.2 | 14.6 | ||
| 5–10 years (%) | 20.2 | 19.1 | ||
| >10 years (%) | 38 | 33.8 | ||
| Peak pain intensity last 24 hours (NRS: 0–10), M±SD (range), higher is worse, n=11,728 (missing=4.3%) | 7.8±1.6 (0–10) | 7.8±1.6 (0–10) | 6.9±2.1 (0–10) | 7.0±2.2 (0–10) |
| Average pain intensity last 24 hours (NRS: 0–10), M±SD (range), higher is worse, n=11,703 (missing=4.5%) | 6.5±1.8 (0–10) | 6.5±1.9 (0–10) | 5.8±2.1 (0–10) | 5.8±2.2 (0–10) |
| Least pain intensity last 24 hours (NRS: 0–10), M±SD (range), higher is worse, n=11,645 (missing=5.0%) | 4.8±2.3 (0–10) | 4.8±2.4 (0–10) | 4.3±2.4 (0–10) | 4.4±2.5 (0–10) |
| Average pain intensity last 7 days (NRS: 0–10), M±SD (range), higher is worse, n=9,291 (missing=6.6%) | 5.1±2.9 (1–10) | 5.1±2.9 (0–10) | 4.9±2.4 (0–10) | 4.8±2.5 (0–10) |
| Pain areas (0–71), M±SD (range), higher is worse, n=11,833 (missing=3.5%) | 23.7±16.7 (0–71) | 17.2±13.4 (0–71) | ||
| Painful body areas (0–7), M±SD (range) | 4.8±2.0 (0–7) | 4.0±2.0 (0–7) | ||
| Head and neck pain (%) | 68.6 | 55.2 | ||
| Back pain (%) | 79.8 | 77.8 | ||
| Thorax/abdominal/genital pain (%) | 72.3 | 59.6 | ||
| Right leg pain (%) | 67 | 56.5 | ||
| Left leg pain (%) | 67.2 | 59.1 | ||
| Right arm pain (%) | 64.5 | 47.4 | ||
| Left arm pain (%) | 63.1 | 48 | ||
| Analgesic use (%), n=11,763 (missing=4.0%) | 88.1 | 89.6 | 79.8 | 80.7 |
| Opioids (%) | 39.1 | 51 | 24 | 33.2 |
| Tricyclic antidepressant (%) | 19.9 | 18 | 22.8 | 19.7 |
| Anticonvulsants (%) | 23.3 | 27 | 24.6 | 27.1 |
| NSAIDs (%) | 28.8 | 25.7 | 15.2 | 14.1 |
| Paracetamol (%) | 71.5 | 64.5 | 48.3 | 42.4 |
| Muscle relaxants (%) | 15.8 | 14.3 | 21.9 | 17.5 |
| Analgesic effect (effect in %), n=11,763 (missing=4.0%) | 37.6±23.3 (0–100) | 38.1±23.6 (0–100) | 44.9±24.3 (0–100) | 41.9±24.2 (0–100) |
| Stress (NRS: 0–10)*, M±SD (range), higher is worse, n=11,600 (missing=5.4%) | 4.8±3.2 (0–10 | 4.6±3.2 (0–10) | 4.2±2.9 (0–10) | 4.3±3.1 (0–10) |
| Pain catastrophizing (NRS: 0–10)*, M±SD (range), higher is worse, n=11,591 (missing=5.4%) | 6.9±2.7 (0–10) | 7.2±2.7 (0–10) | 5.4±3.0 (0–10) | 5.9±2.9 (0–10) |
| Fear of movement (NRS: 0–10)*, M±SD (range), higher is worse, n=11,368 (missing=7.3%) | 5.1±3.4 (0–10) | 5.8±3.4 (0–10) | 3.9±3.4 (0–10) | 5.0±3.6 (0–10) |
| PROMIS-10 Physical Health, M±SD (range), higher is better, n=9291 (missing=6.6%) | 33.4±5.6 (16.2–61.9) | 34.2±6.2 (16.2–54.10) | 35.8±6.4 (16.2–67.7) | 35.7±6.5 (16.2–57.7) |
| PROMIS-10 Mental Health, M±SD (range), higher is better, n=9291 (missing=6.6%) | 38.5±7.5 (21.2–67.6) | 37.8±7.8 (21.2–67.6) | 41.3±7.9 (21.2–67.6) | 39.3±8.1 (21.2–67.6) |
| General health (item 1 in PROMIS-10), n=9,291 (missing=6.6%) | ||||
| Excellent (%) | 0.4 | 0.6 | 0.8 | 0.8 |
| Very good (%) | 3.7 | 3.7 | 5.6 | 3.9 |
| Good (%) | 19 | 19.2 | 30.1 | 23.9 |
| Fair (%) | 41.8 | 39.5 | 44.5 | 44.2 |
| Poor (%) | 35.1 | 36.9 | 19 | 27.3 |
| Emotional problems in last 7 days (item 10 in PROMIS-10), n=9291 (missing=6.6%) | ||||
| Never (%) | 5.3 | 6.2 | 7.4 | 7.5 |
| Rarely (%) | 15.1 | 15.2 | 21.6 | 19.4 |
| Sometimes (%) | 37.4 | 34.9 | 42.8 | 37.5 |
| Often (%) | 34.7 | 35 | 23.2 | 28.6 |
| Always (%) | 7.4 | 8.7 | 5 | 7.1 |
| Sleep, n=11,709 (missing=4.5%) | ||||
| Difficulties falling asleep (% often or always) | 67.6 | 65.4 | 56.9 | 57.5 |
| Disturbed/poor sleep (% often or always) | 80.5 | 80.2 | 67.7 | 70.9 |
| Repeated awakenings (% often or always) | 70.2 | 70.8 | 59.5 | 66.2 |
| Early awakenings (% often or always) | 62 | 67.1 | 55.9 | 65.8 |
| Fatigue in last 7 days (item 8 in PROMIS-10), n=9291 (missing=6.6%) | ||||
| No fatigue (%) | 0.8 | 1.1 | 1.4 | 2.3 |
| Mild fatigue (%) | 6.5 | 9.1 | 13.2 | 13.3 |
| Moderate fatigue (%) | 31.5 | 35 | 41.6 | 39.4 |
| Severe fatigue (%) | 43 | 41.4 | 33.8 | 34.8 |
| Very severe fatigue (%) | 18.2 | 13.4 | 10 | 10.2 |
| Patient Global Impression of Change, n=3540 (missing=13.9%) | ||||
| Very much improved (%) | 10.1 | 8.6 | ||
| Much improved (%) | 17.6 | 13.8 | ||
| Minimally improved (%) | 20.7 | 19.7 | ||
| No change (%) | 39.7 | 42 | ||
| Minimally worsened (%) | 4.5 | 7.9 | ||
| Much worsened (%) | 4.4 | 5.4 | ||
| Very much worsened (%) | 3 | 2.7 | ||
| Variables in the Additional Data Set | Baseline (n=9303) | Follow-Up (n=3147) | ||
| Women (n=6432) | Men (n=2871) | Women (n=2156) | Men (n=991) | |
| Fear of movement (TSK 17 items: 17–68), M±SD (range), higher is worse, n=8392 (missing=9.8%) | 39.0±7.8 (17–67) | 42.1±8.3 (17–68) | ||
| Pain catastrophizing (PCS: 0–52), M±SD (range), higher is worse, n=8768 (missing=5.8%) | 25.8±11.1 (0–52) | 27.5±11.3 (0–52) | 18.3±11.4 (0–52) | 20.8±12.0 (0–52) |
| Depression (PHQ9: 0–27), M±SD (range), higher is worse, n=8628 (missing=7.3%) | 10.5±5.5 (0–27) | 10.4±5.9 (0–27) | 8.8±5.5 (0–27) | 9.5±5.9 (0–27) |
| Anxiety (GAD7: 0–21), M±SD (range), higher is worse, n=8594 (missing=7.2%) | 6.0±4.9 (0–21) | 6.3±5.3 (0–21) | ||
| Stress (PSS 10 items: 0–40), M±SD (range), higher is worse, n=8710 (missing=6.4%) | 19.1±6.9 (0–40) | 19.0±7.3 (0–40) | ||
| Disability (PDI 5 items: 0–50), M±SD (range), higher is worse, n=8868 (missing=4.7%) | 34.9±9.5 (0–50) | 35.4±10.1 (0–50) | 30.5±10.8 (0–50) | 31.7±11.1 (0–50) |
| Accept (CPAQ 8 items: 0–48), M±SD (range, higher is better, n=8600 (missing=7.6%) | 21.8±8.5 (0–48) | 19.5±9.1 (0–48) | 23.1±8.1 (0–47) | 20.3±9.0 (0–48) |
| Self-efficacy (PSEQ 2 items: 0–12), M±SD (range), higher is better, n=8509 (missing=8.6%) | 5.9±3.2 (0–12) | 5.3±3.3 (0–12) | 6.4±3.3 (0–12) | 5.6±3.3 (0–10) |
| Self-perceived general health (0–100)#, M±SD (range), higher is better n=8639 (missing=7.2%) | 45.4±21.6 (0–100) | 42.3±22.4 (0–100) | 54.0±22.6 (0–100) | 48.4±23.7 (0–100) |
| Memory and/or concentration deficit, n=8832 (missing=5.1%) | ||||
| None (%) | 8 | 12.5 | ||
| Mild (%) | 20.5 | 24.2 | ||
| Moderate (%) | 41.9 | 39.2 | ||
| Severe (%) | 29.6 | 24.1 | ||
| Treatments tried for current pain condition prior to referral, n=8327 (missing=10.5%) | ||||
| Acupuncture (%) | 58 | 54.2 | ||
| Chiropractor/osteopath (%) | 56.4 | 56.7 | ||
| Exercise (%) | 90.3 | 88 | ||
| Massage (%) | 75 | 68.8 | ||
| Mindfulness (%) | 45.8 | 29.2 | ||
| Relaxation (%) | 54.7 | 42.5 | ||
| Surgery (%) | 43 | 48.3 | ||
| Reflexology (%) | 31.6 | 22.6 | ||
| Tried 4 or more treatments (%) | 58.4 | 51.5 | ||
| Exposed to traumatic event (%), n=8747 (missing=6.0%) | 59.4 | 57.6 | ||
| Pain related to trauma (%, only asked to patients reporting exposure to traumatic event), n=5146 | 38.3 | 50.6 | ||
| Insurance claim (%), n=8742 (missing=6.1%) | 16.7 | 24.9 | ||
Notes: *Assessed using one-item psychosocial screening questions validated in this setting for each construct; #assessed using the EuroQoL health thermometer.
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; NRS, numerical rating scale; NSAID, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; PROMIS-10, 10-item Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System; TSK, Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia; PCS, Pain Catastrophizing Scale; PHQ9, 9-item Patient Health Questionnaire; GAD7, 7-item Generalized Anxiety Disorder; PSS, Cohen’s Perceived Stress Scale; PDI, Pain Disability Index; CPAQ, Chronic Pain Acceptance Questionnaire; PSEQ, Pain Self-Efficacy Questionnaire.