Table 1.
Clinical characteristics of the type 1 diabetes population in the ABCD COVID-19 audit
| Clinical features | Available data (N = 196) | All | Death and/or AICU | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Yes | No | |||
| Male sex | 195 | 108/195 (55) | 38/67 (57) | 70/128 (55) |
| Age, years | 194 | 62 ± 19 | 65 ± 16 | 56 ± 21 |
| Ethnicity | 156 | |||
| White | 109/156 (70) | 42/62 (68) | 65/94 (69) | |
| Asian | 12/156 (8) | 4/62 (6) | 8/94 (9) | |
| Black | 20/156 (13) | 12/62 (19) | 8/94 (9) | |
| Other | 15/156 (10) | 4/62 (6) | 13/94 (14) | |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 121 | 28.3 ± 7.3 | 28.9 ± 7.7 | 27.8 ± 7.0 |
| Admission blood glucose, mmol/l | 122 | 18.6 ± 11.3 | 17.3 ± 13.5 | 19.6 ± 10.2 |
| HbA1c, mmol/mol | 161 | 76 ± 31 | 66 ± 26 | 80 ± 33 |
| HbA1c, % | 161 | 9.1 ± 5.0 | 8.2 ± 4.5 | 9.5 ± 5.2 |
| Creatinine, μmol/l | 137 | 142 ± 81 | 181 ± 93 | 116 ± 71 |
| Diabetes complications | ||||
| DKA on admission | 171 | 49/171 (29) | 14/64 (22) | 35/107 (33) |
| Diabetic foot ulcer | 149 | 32/149 (21) | 12/54 (22) | 20/95 (21) |
| Diabetic nephropathy | 128 | 43/128 (34) | 20/50 (40) | 23/78 (29) |
| Diabetic peripheral neuropathy | 140 | 48/140 (34) | 21/55 (38) | 27/85 (32) |
| Diabetic retinopathy | 139 | 63/139 (45) | 27/54 (50) | 36/85 (42) |
| Microvascular diseasea | 176 | 98/176 (56) | 45/65 (69) | 53/111 (48) |
| Macrovascular diseaseb | 156 | 61/156 (39) | 27/46 (59) | 34/110 (31) |
| Comorbidities | ||||
| Hypertension | 167 | 98/167 (59) | 40/65 (62) | 58/102 (57) |
| Dementia | 160 | 22/160 (14) | 13/55 (24) | 9/105 (9) |
| Asthma | 150 | 21/150 (14) | 5/61 (8) | 16/89 (18) |
| COPD | 149 | 17/149 (11) | 7/61 (11) | 10/88 (11) |
| Malignant neoplasm | 154 | 15/154 (10) | 5/61 (8) | 10/93 (11) |
| Treatment on admission | ||||
| Metformin | 161 | 19/161 (12) | 4/62 (6) | 15/99 (15) |
| Insulin pump | 106 | 9/106 (8) | 1/45 (2) | 8/61 (13) |
| Smoker | 100 | 9/100 (9) | 1/37 (3) | 8/63 (13) |
Data are shown as mean ± SD or n/total n (%), unless stated otherwise
aMicrovascular disease includes diabetic nephropathy, foot ulcer, retinopathy and peripheral neuropathy
bMacrovascular disease includes peripheral vascular disease, ischaemic heart disease and cerebrovascular disease
COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease