TABLE 4.

Results of regression models to evaluate the association between homelessness and study outcomes among homeless and nonhomeless youths with substance-related health care utilization^a

Variable	Estimate	95% CI	P
Homeless in-hospital	3.13	.36–26.99	.30
mortalityb,c
Homeless opioid-related	.95	.78–1.17	.66
utilizationb
Homeless total costc,d	3.47	3.23–3.71	<.01
Homeless length of stayc,e	4.02	3.29–4.94	<.01
Homeless intensive care	4.75	2.84–7.93	<.01
unit utilizationb,c
Homeless readmission or	1.41	1.04–1.91	.03
ED revisitb,c,f

^aReference group for all comparisons: nonhomeless. Models were adjusted by age, race-ethnicity, insurance type, and mental disorder diagnosis, with year fixed effect and a hospital or emergency department (ED) random effect.

^bLogistic regression models were used.

^cDischarged against medical advice was added to the model as a covariate

^dLinear regression was used after log-transformation of cost.

^eNegative binomial regression was used.

^fOnly patients who had personal identifiers were included in the model.