Table 2.

Perioperative parameters of patients receiving laparoscopic (LLR) or robotic liver resection (RLR) for solid tumors; data from the Magdeburg Registry for Minimally Invasive Liver Surgery (MD-MILS)

	LLR n = 72	RLR n = 41	p-value
Extent of liver resection; n [%]
Major resection (≥ 3 segments)	12 (16.7)	16 (39.0)	0.005
Minor resection	60 (83.3)	25 (61.0)
Anatomic tumor location1; n (%)			0.002
Anterolateral	56 (77.8)	21 (51.2)
Posterosuperior	3 (4.2)	1 (2.4)
Combined locations	13 (18.1)	19 (46.3)
Difficulty score2; mean ± SD	4.8 ± 2.4	6.5 ± 2.2	< 0.001
Difficulty level3; n (%)			0.04
Low difficulty (1–3 score points)	21 (29.2)	5 (12.2)
Intermediate difficulty (4–6 score points)	31 (43.1)	16 (39)
High difficulty (> 6 points)	20 (27.8)	20 (48.8)
Measured blood loss; mean ± SD (ml)	425.4 ± 590.1	439.8 ± 346.3	0.89
Intraoperative blood transfusion; n (%)	7 (9.7)	7 (17.5)	0.25
Operative time; mean ± SD (min)	181.3 ± 100.4	330.5 ± 132.2	0.0001
Postoperative hospital stay; mean ± SD [d]	8.7 ± 5.8	13.4 ± 12.5	0.03
Total postoperative stay ICU; mean ± SD (day)	0.9 ± 1.7	3.1 ± 9.8	0.16
Postoperative morbidity Clavien-Dindo ≥ grade 3; n (%)	4 (5.6)	8 (17.1)	0.1
Morbidity; n (%)			0.57
Surgical complications	3 (4.2)	4 (9.7)
Non-surgical complications	1 (1.3)	4 (9.7)
In-hospital mortality; n (%)	2 (2.8)	0	0.53

¹Anatomic tumor location: Anterolateral, liver segments 2, 3, 4b, 5, 6; posterosuperior, liver segments 4a,7,8; combined locations, parts of anterolateral and posterosuperior segments including hemihepatectomies

²Difficulty score according to the “difficulty scoring system for laparoscopic liver resection” introduced by Wakabayashi et al. in 2016

³Difficulty level according to calculated difficulty score introduced by Wakabayashi et al.; ICU, intensive care unit; surgical complication, bleeding, perforation, abdominal fluid collection, biliary leakage; non-surgical complications, pulmonary embolism, pneumonia, kidney failure