Table 3.

Recommended practical control measures to reduce the population size and potential further distribution of T. maculipennis

No.	Measures
	Education of station personnel and those arriving on King George Island
1	Implementation of effective educational and training practices. Posters and information leaflets should be placed at the entry points to Antarctica and at each station on King George Island informing visitors of the presence of the invasive species and the efforts that are being made to eradicate it from Antarctica. Educational information should also be disseminated at Punta Arenas airport and other points of entry from the South American mainland.
2	Station personnel should be made aware of the importance of cleanliness of rooms and common spaces to ensure locations for flies to shelter or reproduce are minimized.
	Monitoring
3	Monitoring activities should be put in place, or existing monitoring maintained, across the stations on King George Island, and potentially beyond. To quantify fly numbers, sticky traps and ultraviolet traps should be deployed in potential breeding areas, with these methods also having the benefit of reducing flying adult population numbers.
4	To track the potential spread of T. maculipennis, monitoring should also be undertaken at research stations and in the natural environment, in areas beyond the known distribution of the fly.
5	To ascertain the environmental requirements of T. maculipennis in Antarctica, wastewater treatment chamber and field environmental temperatures should be recorded. This would allow a comparison of temperature vs. survival rates, thereby informing management practices applied to the sewage system that would make them less favourable for reproduction and survival of the species.
	Reporting
6	Personnel on stations in the South Shetland Islands should report immediately the presence of flies on station or in the natural environment to their station leader and those responsible for environmental management and protection. Steps should be taken to minimize the likelihood of inadvertent dispersal of the fly to other locations/buildings.
	Steps to reduce dispersal of the flies from colonized stations
7	Sewage systems should be airtight or, failing that, be supplied with a fine mesh grid to prevent the movement of adult flies. Grills should be placed in ventilation ducts to prevent the entry and exit of adult flies. Frequent cleaning of the sewage systems should be considered, for instance monthly.
8	Storage areas for materials under buildings should be removed to reduce the availability of shelter locations for adult flies.
9	To prevent dispersal of the flies, vehicles entering and leaving stations should be rigorously cleaned, which may require a dedicated cleaning location.
	Steps to prevent re-introduction of T. maculipennis or introduction of other invertebrates from outside Antarctica
11	Biosecurity measures should be implemented by all national Antarctic programmes and the tourism industry to ensure the risk of non-native species introductions is minimized. Biosecurity guidance and information can be obtained from the CEP Non-native Species Manual (Edition 2019) and the SCAR and COMNAP Inter‐continental checklists for supply chain managers of the national Antarctic programmes for the reduction in risk of transfer of non‐native species (version May 2019).
	International cooperation and coordination
12	National Antarctic programmes should meet (either physically or virtually) at least annually to review progress in addressing the fly introduction and to plan further action.
13	Science: National Antarctic programmes should continue to work together in a coordinated manner, using comparable methodologies to monitor fly population numbers, and sharing scientific information.
14	Environmental management: National operators should develop common methodologies to control the fly and reduce dispersal through inter-station movement.
	Eradication
15	Earlier experiences at Artigas and King Sejong stations have shown that unilateral eradication of T. maculipennis from research stations results in rapid re-colonization within a few weeks/months. Stations where the fly has been eradicated may be rapidly recolonized from populations resident in other stations or in the natural environment. Therefore, it is essential that national Antarctic progammes coordinate their eradication activities so that all populations within stations are eradicated simultaneously, thereby reducing the opportunity for re-colonization.