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. 2021 May 8;10:98. doi: 10.1038/s41377-021-00540-7

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 3 — a The phase profile generated by the spatial light modulator, inspired by a magnified model of a red-blood cell, and the conceptual configuration using the NEC. b–d Four examples of phase imaging each with the incident light tilted at a different angle Θ relative to the NEC surface normal (b) calculated images, (c) measured images with the NEC, grating orientation and incident polarisation as indicated by inset in b. d Measurements without the NEC. e–g Profiles of the intensity along the dashed line through three images (red) as labelled by e A, f B, and g C that show quantitatively the increased transmission associated with phase gradients. Included in the graphs are the phase profile of the red-blood cell model (dashed grey) and the calculated contrast profiles (blue)