TABLE 3.

Mean change in length (cm/mo) during 4 age intervals per 1-SD increase in biomarker concentration at the start of the interval¹

	Minimally adjusted2			Fully adjusted3
Interval	n	β (95% CI)	P value	n	β (95% CI)	P value
Intestinal fatty acid binding protein
1–3 mo	557	0.109 (0.014, 0.204)	0.024	521	0.070 (−0.021, 0.162)	0.132
3–6 mo	693	−0.041 (−0.145, 0.063)	0.437	658	−0.051 (−0.155, 0.053)	0.338
6–12 mo	797	0.025 (−0.089, 0.139)	0.668	698	0.021 (−0.091, 0.134)	0.713
12–18 mo	882	−0.021 (−0.057, 0.016)	0.265	762	0.005 (−0.018, 0.029)	0.650
Citrulline
1–3 mo	529	0.102 (−0.048, 0.252)	0.184	496	0.095 (−0.051, 0.241)	0.201
3–6 mo	658	0.048 (−0.055, 0.150)	0.363	657	0.049 (−0.075, 0.172)	0.440
6–12 mo	745	−0.001 (−0.030, 0.027)	0.931	683	−0.012 (−0.039, 0.015)	0.377
12–18 mo	824	−0.024 (−0.085, 0.037)	0.437	791	−0.050 (−0.126, 0.027)	0.204
Regenerating protein 1-β
1–3 mo	369	−0.031 (−0.157, 0.096)	0.634	354	−0.065 (−0.181, 0.051)	0.272
3–6 mo	438	−0.078 (−0.143, −0.012)	0.020	433	−0.049 (−0.120, 0.021)	0.168
6–12 mo	722	−0.016 (−0.046, 0.013)	0.274	683	−0.013 (−0.042, 0.016)	0.388
12–18 mo	869	−0.027 (−0.067, 0.014)	0.201	755	0.005 (−0.022, 0.033)	0.696
A1AT
1–3 mo	397	−0.008 (−0.119, 0.103)	0.889	381	0.023 (−0.096, 0.142)	0.701
3–6 mo	472	0.023 (−0.061, 0.106)	0.594	467	0.029 (−0.052, 0.111)	0.477
6–12 mo	744	−0.003 (−0.025, 0.020)	0.818	704	−0.004 (−0.027, 0.019)	0.732
12–18 mo	883	0.013 (−0.026, 0.053)	0.511	767	0.031 (−0.008, 0.070)	0.115
Lactulose:mannitol ratio
3–6 mo	404	0.191 (0.036, 0.346)	0.016	386	0.140 (−0.032, 0.312)	0.111
6–12 mo	509	−0.006 (−0.032, 0.020)	0.628	464	−0.009 (−0.050, 0.033)	0.683
12–18 mo	538	0.011 (−0.073, 0.095)	0.800	515	−0.015 (−0.068, 0.039)	0.589
Lactulose excretion fraction
3–6 mo	407	−0.071 (−0.584, 0.442)	0.786	389	−0.060 (−0.527, 0.407)	0.802
6–12 mo	510	−0.001 (−0.044, 0.041)	0.947	465	−0.008 (−0.047, 0.031)	0.681
12–18 mo	557	−0.020 (−0.042, 0.001)	0.065	533	−0.036 (−0.078, 0.007)	0.101
Mannitol excretion fraction
3–6 mo	407	−0.024 (−0.126, 0.078)	0.641	389	−0.010 (−0.101, 0.082)	0.838
6–12 mo	510	0.027 (0.001, 0.054)	0.044	465	0.029 (−0.008, 0.065)	0.124
12–18 mo	557	0.014 (−0.022, 0.051)	0.439	533	0.004 (−0.053, 0.060)	0.900
Soluble CD14
1–3 mo	556	−0.045 (−0.189, 0.099)	0.540	520	0.026 (−0.129, 0.181)	0.741
3–6 mo	694	−0.065 (−0.181, 0.051)	0.270	693	−0.062 (−0.194, 0.070)	0.357
6–12 mo	797	0.002 (−0.027, 0.030)	0.917	698	−0.001 (−0.028, 0.027)	0.966
12–18 mo	882	0.002 (−0.042, 0.046)	0.934	762	−0.009 (−0.067, 0.049)	0.759
Myeloperoxidase
1–3 mo	402	−0.084 (−0.211, 0.042)	0.192	385	−0.113 (−0.285, 0.058)	0.195
3–6 mo	480	0.018 (−0.070, 0.106)	0.687	450	0.031 (−0.052, 0.114)	0.461
6–12 mo	745	0.002 (−0.026, 0.030)	0.896	705	−0.003 (−0.030, 0.024)	0.837
12–18 mo	882	0.007 (−0.027, 0.042)	0.676	766	−0.002 (−0.035, 0.030)	0.885
Neopterin
1–3 mo	394	−0.077 (−0.222, 0.068)	0.298	377	−0.043 (−0.146, 0.060)	0.414
3–6 mo	466	−0.046 (−0.139, 0.048)	0.336	461	−0.028 (−0.123, 0.068)	0.571
6–12 mo	737	0.018 (−0.008, 0.044)	0.183	656	0.017 (−0.004, 0.037)	0.114
12–18 mo	876	−0.027 (−0.060, 0.005)	0.100	761	−0.010 (−0.039, 0.018)	0.476
EE score
1–3 mo	389	−0.063 (−0.205, 0.079)	0.385	373	−0.053 (−0.196, 0.090)	0.469
3–6 mo	460	−0.026 (−0.113, 0.060)	0.555	433	0.021 (−0.067, 0.108)	0.643
6–12 mo	736	−0.024 (−0.057, 0.009)	0.152	655	−0.026 (−0.059, 0.007)	0.128
12–18 mo	873	0.035 (0.001, 0.070)	0.046	760	0.033 (−0.019, 0.084)	0.219
C-reactive protein
1–3 mo	556	0.028 (−0.170, 0.226)	0.780	520	0.039 (−0.099, 0.177)	0.576
3–6 mo	694	0.022 (−0.074, 0.119)	0.652	659	−0.003 (−0.092, 0.086)	0.944
6–12 mo	797	0.031 (−0.005, 0.068)	0.089	698	0.032 (−0.009, 0.073)	0.131
12–18 mo	882	−0.004 (−0.038, 0.030)	0.825	762	−0.005 (−0.041, 0.031)	0.786
Kynurenine:tryptophan ratio
1–3 mo	473	0.059 (−0.060, 0.179)	0.329	445	0.062 (−0.044, 0.169)	0.251
3–6 mo	612	0.125 (−0.110, 0.361)	0.297	581	0.159 (−0.148, 0.466)	0.310
6–12 mo	725	−0.011 (−0.052, 0.030)	0.611	665	−0.012 (−0.052, 0.028)	0.567
12–18 mo	801	−0.031 (−0.057, −0.006)	0.016	757	−0.046 (−0.087, 0.005)	0.029
Kynurenine
1–3 mo	529	0.053 (−0.064, 0.170)	0.376	496	0.042 (−0.065, 0.148)	0.445
3–6 mo	658	0.101 (−0.067, 0.268)	0.240	657	0.111 (−0.105, 0.327)	0.314
6–12 mo	745	−0.002 (−0.033, 0.029)	0.899	656	−0.013 (−0.044, 0.018)	0.406
12–18 mo	824	−0.016 (−0.075, 0.043)	0.597	791	−0.013 (−0.069, 0.043)	0.648
Tryptophan
1–3 mo	529	−0.002 (−0.148, 0.144)	0.983	496	−0.018 (−0.163, 0.127)	0.807
3–6 mo	658	0.015 (−0.099, 0.129)	0.799	657	−0.005 (−0.113, 0.103)	0.926
6–12 mo	745	−0.002 (−0.030, 0.027)	0.910	656	−0.006 (−0.033, 0.022)	0.689
12–18 mo	824	−0.001 (−0.066, 0.063)	0.971	791	0.017 (−0.044, 0.078)	0.588
Insulin-like growth factor-1
1–3 mo	554	0.230 (0.031, 0.428)	0.023	518	0.246 (0.052, 0.440)	0.013
3–6 mo	693	−0.003 (−0.076, 0.070)	0.937	658	−0.031 (−0.114, 0.052)	0.462
6–12 mo	797	0.031 (0.010, 0.053)	0.004	698	0.014 (−0.010, 0.037)	0.249
12–18 mo	882	0.034 (0.005, 0.062)	0.023	762	0.039 (0.002, 0.077)	0.041

¹Results from multivariable linear regression. See Supplemental Table 16 for lists of the retained variables in each model. A1AT, α-1 antitrypsin; EE score, environmental enteropathy score.

²Adjusted for infant age and sex at the beginning of the interval.

³Adjusted for the most explanatory subset identified from a list of prespecified candidate covariates (see Supplemental Text 1) by the Akaike Information Criterion (58).