Table 2.
Intestinal mycobiota-genotype association in IBD
| Animal/ human sample | Fungal extraction | Mycobiota-genotype | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| CD patients Mucosal-tissue | The ITS1 rDNA sequencing | M. restricta (CARD9 S12N alleles) | Limon et al. [57] |
| Card9−/− mice feces | 18S ITS rDNA sequencing | Decreased Ascomycota, elevation of Saccharomycetes (CARD9) | Malik et al. [58] |
| Card9−/− mice feces | ITS2 rDNA sequencing | Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, and Zygomycota (CARD9) | Lamas et al. [59] |
| CX3CR1−/− mice, CD patients | enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) | Decreased antibody production against Candida sp. (CX3CR-1) [CX3CR-1 T280M (rs3732378)] | Leonardi et al. [62] |
| IBD patients Fecal samples | ITS2 rDNA sequencing |
Positive correlation: M. sympodialis [Dectin-1 (rs2078178, rs3901533)],[TLR1 (rs4833095, rs5743618)],[Mincle (rs10841845)] S. cerevisiae [CARD9 (rs10781499)], [TLR3 (rs3775291)] Ascomycota [DC-SIGN (rs2287886)], [TLR1 (rs5743611)] Basidiomycota [TLR1 (rs5743611)] Negative correlation: M. sympodialis [Dectin-1 (rs2078178, ‘T’allele 12)] S. cerevisiae [CARD9 (rs10781499, ‘A’ allele 21)] |
Sokol et al. [8] |
| Clec4d−/− mice feces | 18S rDNA sequencing | C. tropicalis (CLEC4D) | Wang et al. [64] |
| Clec7−/− mice feces | ITS1-2 rDNA sequencing | Increased Candida and Trichosporon sp. Decreased nonpathogenic Saccharomyces sp. | Iliev et al. [66] |
| CD patients Fecal sample | ITS1 rDNA sequencing | No differences were evident with NOD2 variances | Nelson et al. [35] |
ITS 1,2, Internal transcribed spacer 1, 2; CARD9; CARD9, Caspase recruitment domain-containing protein 9; TLR3, Toll-like receptors 3; TLR1, Toll-like receptors 1; CLEC4D, C-Type Lectin domain containing 4D; CLEC7A, C-Type Lectin domain containing 7A; DC-SIGN, Dendritic cell-specific intercellular adhesion molecule-3-grabbing non-integrin receptor; MINCLE, Macrophage inducible Ca2+-dependent lectin receptor; NOD2, Oligomerization domain-containing protein 2; M. restricta, Malassezia restricta; M. sympodialis, Malassezia sympodialis; S. cerevisiae, Saccharomyces cerevisiae; C. tropicalis, Candida tropicalis; sp., species