Table 2.
Results of Regression Models on Weekly Indicators of Any COVID-19 Cases and Any COVID-19 Deaths in an NH, Stratified by Racial and Ethnic Composition of the Community in Which an NH Is Located (Low- vs High-Minority Communities)
| Probability of Any COVID-19 Cases in an NH |
Probability of Any COVID-19 Death in an NH |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Low-Minority Community | High-Minority Community | Low-Minority Community | High-Minority Community | |
| NH characteristics | ||||
| Low-minority NHs | Reference | |||
| Moderate-minority NHs | 0.057‡ (0.010) | −0.010 (0.026) | 0.026‡ (0.008) | 0.013 (0.018) |
| High-minority NHs | 0.072‡ (0.021) | 0.050† (0.026) | 0.064‡ (0.018) | 0.056‡ (0.018) |
| Star rating | ||||
| 1-star | Reference | |||
| 2-star | 0.008 (0.006) | 0.007 (0.008) | −0.001 (0.004) | 0.006 (0.006) |
| 3-star | 0.009 (0.006) | −0.000 (0.008) | −0.002 (0.004) | 0.001 (0.007) |
| 4-star | 0.012† (0.005) | −0.007 (0.008) | −0.002 (0.004) | −0.008 (0.006) |
| 5-star | 0.010∗ (0.005) | −0.004 (0.009) | −0.004 (0.004) | −0.008 (0.007) |
| Hospital affiliation status (yes) | −0.017‡ (0.007) | −0.014 (0.017) | −0.015‡ (0.004) | −0.008 (0.011) |
| CNA hours per resident per day | 0.005 (0.003) | 0.026‡ (0.005) | −0.000 (0.002) | 0.014‡ (0.004) |
| RN hours per resident per day | −0.009† (0.004) | −0.028‡ (0.009) | −0.001 (0.003) | −0.010 (0.007) |
| Occupancy rate | −0.001‡ (0.000) | −0.003‡ (0.000) | −0.002‡ (0.000) | −0.003‡ (0.000) |
| No. of occupied beds | 0.001‡ (0.000) | 0.001‡ (0.000) | 0.000‡ (0.000) | 0.000‡ (0.000) |
| For profit | Reference | |||
| Not for profit | 0.002 (0.004) | −0.016† (0.007) | 0.005∗ (0.003) | 0.004 (0.006) |
| Government owned | −0.005 (0.006) | −0.030† (0.013) | −0.004 (0.005) | −0.015 (0.010) |
| % Medicaid | ||||
| High (>76.04) | Reference | |||
| Low (≤48.94) | −0.001 (0.005) | −0.000 (0.009) | −0.006 (0.004) | 0.002 (0.007) |
| Moderate (>48.94 and ≤76.04) | 0.006 (0.005) | −0.002 (0.006) | 0.001 (0.003) | 0.005 (0.005) |
| Missing | −0.007 (0.009) | −0.008 (0.015) | −0.015† (0.006) | −0.002 (0.011) |
| % Medicare | ||||
| High (>17.31) | Reference | |||
| Low (≤6.06) | −0.014‡ (0.005) | −0.024‡ (0.008) | −0.004 (0.004) | −0.006 (0.006) |
| Moderate (>6.06 and ≤17.31) | −0.010† (0.004) | −0.001 (0.007) | −0.003 (0.003) | 0.005 (0.005) |
| Chain membership | 0.003 (0.003) | 0.020‡ (0.005) | −0.001 (0.002) | 0.013‡ (0.004) |
| Any NP/PA | 0.006∗ (0.003) | 0.014‡ (0.005) | 0.005† (0.002) | 0.009† (0.004) |
| Rural | −0.010† (0.005) | −0.027∗ (0.016) | −0.006∗ (0.003) | −0.002 (0.013) |
| Time trends and their interactions with NH racial and ethnic composition | ||||
| Week of 06/07–week of 06/21 | −0.006‡ (0.002) | −0.005 (0.010) | −0.008‡ (0.002) | 0.001 (0.007) |
| Week of 06/21–week of 07/05 | −0.002 (0.002) | 0.023† (0.010) | −0.002 (0.001) | −0.005 (0.008) |
| Week of 07/05–week of 07/12 | 0.002 (0.004) | −0.009 (0.019) | −0.007‡ (0.002) | 0.004 (0.013) |
| Week of 07/12–week of 08/09 | 0.001 (0.001) | −0.003 (0.006) | 0.002‡ (0.001) | 0.007 (0.004) |
| Week of 08/09–week of 08/23 | −0.003 (0.002) | 0.012 (0.011) | −0.001 (0.002) | −0.013 (0.009) |
| Moderate-minority NH × week of 06/07-06/21 | −0.012‡ (0.004) | 0.005 (0.011) | −0.004 (0.003) | −0.009 (0.008) |
| High-minority NH × week of 06/07-06/21 | −0.005 (0.009) | −0.004 (0.011) | −0.009 (0.007) | −0.015† (0.008) |
| Moderate-minority NH × week of 06/21-07/05 | −0.003 (0.004) | −0.018 (0.012) | −0.005∗ (0.003) | 0.007 (0.008) |
| High-minority NH× week of 06/21-07/05 | −0.006 (0.008) | −0.014 (0.011) | −0.011∗ (0.006) | 0.002 (0.008) |
| Moderate-minority NH × week of 07/05-07/12 | 0.012∗ (0.007) | 0.044† (0.021) | 0.012‡ (0.005) | 0.006 (0.015) |
| High-minority NH × week of 07/05-07/12 | −0.004 (0.015) | 0.030 (0.020) | 0.005 (0.011) | 0.009 (0.014) |
| Moderate-minority NH × week of 07/12-08/09 | −0.000 (0.002) | 0.002 (0.007) | −0.001 (0.001) | −0.002 (0.005) |
| High-minority NHs × week of 07/12-08/09 | 0.000 (0.004) | 0.003 (0.006) | −0.004 (0.003) | −0.003 (0.004) |
| Moderate-minority NHs × week of 08/09-08/23 | −0.002 (0.004) | −0.026† (0.012) | 0.004 (0.003) | 0.007 (0.010) |
| High-minority NHs × week of 08/09-08/23 | −0.004 (0.008) | −0.034‡ (0.011) | −0.000 (0.005) | 0.004 (0.009) |
| Community characteristics | ||||
| Median household income (in $1000) | 0.0004‡ (0.0001) | 0.0002 (0.0002) | 0.0004‡ (0.0001) | 0.0002 (0.0001) |
| % population ≥65 y (zip code level) | 0.001‡ (0.000) | −0.000 (0.001) | 0.000† (0.000) | −0.001 (0.000) |
| % population with at least high school education in a county | −0.001† (0.000) | −0.001† (0.001) | −0.001‡ (0.000) | −0.001‡ (0.000) |
| Weekly new COVID cases per 1000 people in a county | 0.052‡ (0.003) | 0.040‡ (0.005) | 0.019‡ (0.002) | 0.018‡ (0.003) |
| Intercepts | 0.139‡ (0.042) | 0.292‡ (0.058) | 0.185‡ (0.029) | 0.332‡ (0.044) |
| No. of observations | 87034 | 64620 | 87034 | 64620 |
| No. of NHs | 7543 | 5580 | 7543 | 5580 |
NP/PA, nurse practitioner/physician assistant; SD, standard deviation.
Unless otherwise noted, values are point estimates with standard errors in parentheses.
∗
P < .10.
†
P < .05.
‡
P < .01.