Table 1. : Common mechanisms adopted by pathogens to resist antibiotics.

Common mechanisms adopted by pathogens to resist antibiotics

Enzyme mediation degradation of active pharmacological agent (e.g., carbapenemases, New Delhi Metalloproteases, OXA-48 )

Changes in cell permeability to block or decrease the entry of antibiotics

Efflux pumps

Modification in receptor sites to influence the activation/inhibition of receptor targets

Intrinsic resistance mechanism including but not limited to upregulation of metabolic pathways favoring resistance