Table 1.
Characteristics of the Study Population of Patients with a History of Coronary Heart Disease Enrolled in the National Health and Aging Trends Study by Physical Frailty Phenotype
| Characteristics | Total (n = 1213) |
No Frailty (n = 866) |
Frailty* (n = 347) |
P Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, mean (SD) | 79.8 | 78.8 | 82.4 | < 0.001 |
| Age, % | < 0.001 | |||
| 65-69 | 10.6 | 11.9 | 7.4 | |
| 70-74 | 17.1 | 19.2 | 11.7 | |
| 75-79 | 20.5 | 23.1 | 14.1 | |
| 80-84 | 23.5 | 23.5 | 23.5 | |
| 85-89 | 16.1 | 12.7 | 24.6 | |
| 90+ | 12.2 | 9.6 | 18.7 | |
| Gender, % | 0.001 | |||
| Female | 50.5 | 47.5 | 58.1 | |
| Male | 49.5 | 52.5 | 41.9 | |
| Race, % | < 0.001 | |||
| Non-Hispanic white | 74.2 | 77.5 | 65.9 | |
| Non-Hispanic black | 17.9 | 16.1 | 22.4 | |
| Hispanic | 5.3 | 3.4 | 10.0 | |
| Other | 2.6 | 3.0 | 1.7 | |
| BMI, mean | 27.3 | 27.6 | 26.6 | 0.010 |
| Smoking status, % | 0.007 | |||
| Smoke at least 1 cigarette/day | 56.1 | 58.6 | 49.9 | |
| Self or proxy-reported disease, % | ||||
| Arthritis | 60.6 | 54.4 | 76.1 | < 0.001 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 32.7 | 30.9 | 37.2 | 0.039 |
| Any cardiac disorder | 62.2 | 60.7 | 66.0 | 0.091 |
| Hypertension | 76.3 | 75.0 | 79.7 | 0.088 |
| Lung disease | 19.6 | 17.7 | 24.2 | 0.011 |
| Osteoporosis | 22.5 | 20.1 | 28.4 | 0.002 |
| Stroke | 18.4 | 14.9 | 27.1 | < 0.001 |
| Dementia | 7.2 | 3.9 | 15.4 | < 0.001 |
| Number of chronic diseases, % | ||||
| 0-1 | 12.2 | 15.0 | 5.4 | < 0.001 |
| 2-3 | 49.7 | 55.8 | 34.5 | |
| 4+ | 38.0 | 29.2 | 60.1 | |
| Hospital stay past 12 months, % | 41.4 | 34.0 | 59.7 | < 0.001 |
| Any fall past month, % | 39.0 | 30.7 | 59.5 | < 0.001 |
| Self-care disability, % | < 0.001 | |||
| No difficulty | 60.2 | 74.2 | 25.2 | |
| Difficulty but no help | 14.4 | 13.1 | 17.8 | |
| Help | 25.4 | 12.7 | 56.9 | |
| Mobility disability, % | < 0.001 | |||
| No difficulty | 53.5 | 68.5 | 16.1 | |
| Difficulty but no help | 20.9 | 19.6 | 24.1 | |
| Help | 25.6 | 11.9 | 59.9 | |
| Household activities disability, % | < 0.001 | |||
| No difficulty | 48.5 | 62.5 | 13.4 | |
| Difficulty but no help | 11.5 | 12.5 | 9.3 | |
| Help | 40.0 | 25.0 | 77.4 | |
| Overall disability level, % | < 0.001 | |||
| No difficulty | 35.5 | 47.7 | 5.0 | |
| Difficulty but no help | 19.5 | 23.1 | 10.7 | |
| Help | 45.0 | 29.3 | 84.3 | |
| Depression, % | ||||
| PHQ2 score ≥3 | 21.4 | 12.5 | 44.1 | < 0.001 |
| Anxiety, % | ||||
| GAD2 score ≥3 | 17.0 | 10.5 | 33.1 | < 0.001 |
| No. ED visits, % | ||||
| 0 | 53.8 | 62.3 | 32.8 | < 0.001 |
| 1 | 22.2 | 20.3 | 26.7 | |
| ≥2 | 24.0 | 17.4 | 40.5 | |
| No. Hospitalizations, % | < 0.001 | |||
| 0 | 64.1 | 70.9 | 47.1 | |
| 1 | 22.4 | 20.9 | 26.2 | |
| ≥2 | 13.4 | 8.1 | 26.7 | |
| Total LOS in hospital, mean | 4.1 | 2.4 | 8.3 | < 0.001 |
| No. physician visits, mean | 13.1 | 12.0 | 15.7 | < 0.001 |
| No. ADL impairment, % | ||||
| 0 | 47.8 | 61.9 | 12.7 | < 0.001 |
| 1-2 | 25.1 | 25.3 | 24.8 | |
| ≥3 | 27.0 | 12.8 | 62.5 | |
| No. IADL impairments, % | < 0.001 | |||
| 0 | 49.3 | 63.4 | 14.0 | |
| 1-2 | 25.2 | 25.0 | 25.7 | |
| ≥3 | 25.5 | 11.5 | 60.3 | |
| ADL Disability,† % | 75.8 | 68.9 | 93.3 | < 0.001 |
| IADL Disability,† % | 62.7 | 60.9 | 67.3 | 0.442 |
| Dementia, % | 26.5 | 22.4 | 36.6 | 0.161 |
| Loss of Independence,‡ % | 57.6 | 52.1 | 74.4 | 0.003 |
| Disability, % | 84.3 | 80.0 | 95.1 | < 0.001 |
| Mobility disability, % | 70.2 | 64.2 | 85.1 | < 0.001 |
AD8 = AD8 dementia screening interview; ADL = activities of daily Living; BMI = body mass index; ED = emergency department; GAD2 = generalized anxiety disorder 2-item; IADL = instrumental activities of daily living; LOS = length of stay; PHQ2 = patient health questionnaire; SD = standard deviation.
Frailty was assessed by the physical frailty phenotype paradigm that is grounded in 5 criteria: exhaustion, low physical activity, weakness, slowness, and unintentional weight loss (www.nhats.org). Claims-based frailty index (CFI) is a validated frailty tool against the physical frailty phenotype that utilize claims data.
ADL and IADL disability were defined as impairment of at least 2 or more activities.
Loss of independence was defined as “never/rarely go outside or use devices to go outside.”