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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 May 1.
Published in final edited form as: Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2021 Jan 12;172:275–295. doi: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.01.006

Figure 3:

Figure 3:

(A) Self-assembling peptides typically contain hydrophilic domains comprised of charged amino acids, leading to electrostatic repulsion which may disfavor self-assembly under physiological conditions. (B) These repulsive forces can be overcome to drive self-assembly and/or stabilize assembled nanostructures by changing pH or adding ions, like calcium, to screen and/or bridge charged groups.