Fig. 1.

Schematic illustration of advantages provided by polymeric nanoparticle adjuvant systems for vaccination. Clockwise left to right: nanoparticle enhanced T cell activation, showing antigen cross-presentation; APC internalization of vaccine payload carried by nanoparticles versus free diffusion; nanoparticle-enabled infection mimicking inducing immune recognition and pro-inflammatory responses; immune activation by immunogenic cell death; nanoparticle-enabled B cell receptor (BCR) crosslinking; nanoparticle trafficking to lymph node; and complement activation by nanoadjuvants