Table 1.
List of adjuvants that have undergone clinical testing
| Adjuvant | Components | Formulation | Mechanism |
|---|---|---|---|
| Alhydrogel (aluminum hydroxide) | Alum | Aluminum adsorption | Depot effect, Recruitment |
| Alum (aluminum phosphate salts) | Alum | Aluminum adsorption | Depot effect, Recruitment |
| AS01 | MPL and QS-21 in liposomes AS01B/AS01E includes DOPC and cholesterol in phosphate buffered saline | Liposome | TLR-4, Recruitment |
| AS02 | MPL and QS-21 in liposomes | O/W emulsion | TLR-4 |
| AS03 | Oil-in-water emulsion with α-tocopherol | O/W emulsion | IRE1α |
| AS04 | MPL adsorbed onto aluminum hydroxide or aluminum phosphate | Aluminum adsorption | TLR-4 |
| AS15 | MPL, QS-21 and CpG 7909 | Liposome | TLR-4, TLR-9, Recruitment |
| AS25/AS50 | AS02 without QS-21 | O/W emulsion | TLR-4 |
| CAF01 | dimethyl dioctadecyl ammonium delivery vehicle | Liposome | Recruitment |
| CpG 7909 | Soluble | TLR-9 | |
| CRM197 | A modified diphtheria toxin | Soluble | Recruitment |
| dmLT | Proteins derived from E. coli enterotoxin | Soluble | TLR-4 |
| GLA-AF | Aqueous glucopyranosyl lipid adjuvant | O/W emulsion | TLR-4 |
| GLA-SE | Stable-oil-in-water-emulsion with glucopyranosyl lipid adjuvant | O/W emulsion | TLR-4 |
| GM-CSF | Soluble | Recruitment | |
| IC31 | Synthetic oligodeoxynuclotide and antibacterial peptide | Soluble | TLR-9 (Olafsdottir et al. 2009) |
| Type I interferon | Soluble | Recruitment | |
| IL-12 pDNA | Soluble | Recruitment (Jalah et al. 2012) | |
| IL-2 | Soluble | Recruitment (Nunberg et al. 1989) | |
| ISCOMATRIX | Saponin and lipid complex | Immunostimulatory complex | Recruitment (Pearse and Drane 2005) |
| IsdB | Recombinant S. aureus protein | Soluble component | TLR-7 (Wu et al. 2014; Bagnoli et al. 2015) |
| KLH carrier protein | Immunogenic carrier protein | Soluble component | Recruitment |
| LT Adjuvant patch | Transcutaneous immunostimulatory patch | External microneedle | Recruitment (Mkrtichyan et al. 2011) |
| Matrix-M1 | Saponins | Soluble component | Antigen uptake and Recruitment (Magnusson et al. 2013) |
| MF59 | Squalene based emulsion | O/W emulsion | MyD88, ASC |
| Montanide ISA | Incomplete Freund’s adjuvant in mannide monooleaste and mineral oil | W/O emulsion | Depot effect, Recruitment |
| MPL | O/W emulsion | TLR-4 | |
| MPL-SE | MPL plus glycerol, phosphatidylcholine and squalene | O/W emulsion | TLR-4 |
| poly-ICLC | Double stranded RNA complex | Soluble Component | TLR-3 (Saxena et al. 2019) |
| QS-21 (or OBI-821, OPT-821 or QS-DG all of which are equivalent derivatives or derived from different sources) | Saponins | Soluble component | Recruitment (Kensil and Kammer 2010) |
| rCTB | Cholera endotoxins | Soluble component | Recruitment (Isaka et al. 2004) |