Table 5.
Multiclass Classification Performance for ICL Size Selection Among the Cases With Good Outcomes in the Internal and External Validation Datasets
| Included Cases* | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cases of 400 µm ≤ Achieved ICL Vault ≤ 600 µm (Target Vault = 500 µm) | Cases of 300 µm ≤ Achieved ICL Vault ≤ 700 µm (Target Vault = 500 µm) | ||||
| Dataset | Model | Multiclass ICL Size Selection Accuracy (%) | Cohen's κ | Multiclass ICL Size Selection Accuracy (%) | Cohen's κ |
| Internal validation | Stacking ensemble (XGBoost + LightGBM) | 75.9 | 0.572 | 75.6 | 0.567 |
| Random forest | 74.1 | 0.542 | 73.8 | 0.564 | |
| Manufacturer's nomogram (WTW + ACD) | 41.4 | 0.177 | 38.9 | 0.109 | |
| NK formula22 (ACW + CLR) | 57.4 | 0.337 | 52.8 | 0.266 | |
| External validation | Stacking ensemble (XGBoost + LightGBM) | 67.4 | 0.417 | 65.0 | 0.366 |
| Random forest | 65.3 | 0.390 | 64.4 | 0.354 | |
| Manufacturer's nomogram (WTW + ACD) | 48.4 | 0.217 | 36.1 | 0.026 | |
| NK formula22 (ACW + CLR) | 64.2 | 0.416 | 61.1 | 0.349 | |
*
In this analysis, we excluded the outliers and only chose cases with good outcomes to build a reference standard validation dataset.
ACD, anterior chamber depth; ACW, anterior chamber width; CLR, crystalline lens rise; ICL, implantable collamer lens; LightGBM, light gradient boosting machine; WTW, white-to-white.